ObjectivesTo evaluate radiation protection basic knowledge and dose assessment for radiological procedures among Italian radiographersMethodsA validated questionnaire was distributed to 780 participants with balanced demographic characteristics and geographic distribution.ResultsOnly 12.1 % of participants attended radiation protection courses on a regular basis. Despite 90 % of radiographers stating to have sufficient awareness of radiation protection issues, most of them underestimated the radiation dose of almost all radiological procedures. About 5 % and 4 % of the participants, respectively, claimed that pelvis magnetic resonance imaging and abdominal ultrasound exposed patients to radiation. On the contrary, 7.0 % of the radiographers stated that mammography does not use ionising radiation. About half of participants believed that radiation-induced cancer is not dependent on age or gender and were not able to differentiate between deterministic and stochastic effects. Young radiographers (with less than 3 years of experience) showed a higher level of knowledge compared with the more experienced radiographers.ConclusionsThere is a substantial need for radiographers to improve their awareness of radiation protection issues and their knowledge of radiological procedures. Specific actions such as regular training courses for both undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as for working radiographers must be considered in order to assure patient safety during radiological examinations.Main messages• Radiographers should improve their knowledge on radiation protection issues.• Only 12.1 % of participants attended radiation protection courses on a regular basis.• Specific actions must be considered in order to increase knowledge and awareness.