Background Following the first detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in passengers arriving from Europe on 19 March 2020, Madagascar took several mitigation measures to limit the spread of the virus in the country. Methods Nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs were collected from travellers to Madagascar, suspected SARS‐CoV‐2 cases and contact of confirmed cases. Swabs were tested at the national reference laboratory using real‐time RT‐PCR. Data collected from patients were entered in an electronic database for subsequent statistical analysis. All distribution of laboratory‐confirmed cases were mapped, and six genomes of viruses were fully sequenced. Results Overall, 26,415 individuals were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 between 18 March and 18 September 2020, of whom 21.0% (5,553/26,145) returned positive. Among laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2–positive patients, the median age was 39 years (IQR: 28‐52), and 56.6% (3,311/5,553) were asymptomatic at the time of sampling. The probability of testing positive increased with age with the highest adjusted odds ratio of 2.2 [95% CI: 1.9‐2.5] for individuals aged 49 years and more. Viral strains sequenced belong to clades 19A, 20A and 20B indicative of several independent introduction of viruses. Conclusions Our study describes the first wave of the COVID‐19 in Madagascar. Despite early strategies in place Madagascar could not avoid the introduction and spread of the virus. More studies are needed to estimate the true burden of disease and make public health recommendations for a better preparation to another wave.
Background: Following the first detection of SARS-CoV-2 in passengers arriving from Europe on 19 March 2020, Madagascar took several mitigation measures to limit the spread of the virus in the country. Methods: Nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs were collected from travellers to Madagascar, suspected SARS-CoV-2 cases, and contact of confirmed cases. Swabs were tested at the national reference laboratory using real-time RT-PVR. Data collected from patients were entered in an electronic database for subsequent statistical analysis. All distribution of laboratory confirmed cases were mapped and six genomes of viruses were fully sequenced. Results: Overall, 26,415 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 between 18 March and 18 September 2020, of whom 21.0% (5,553/26,145) returned positive. Among laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, the median age was 39 years (CI95%: 28-52), and 56.6% (3,311/5,553) were asymptomatic at the time of sampling. The probability of testing positive increased with age with the highest adjusted odds ratio of 2.2 [95% CI: 1.9-2.5] for individuals aged 49 years and more. Viral strains sequenced belong to clades 19A, 20A, and 20B in favour of several independent introduction of viruses. Conclusions. Our study describes the first wave of the COVID-19 in Madagascar. Despite early strategies in place Madagascar could not avoid the introduction and spread of the virus. More studies are needed to estimate the true burden of disease and make public health recommendations for a better preparation to another wave.
Background While mass COVID-19 vaccination programs are underway in high-income countries, limited availability of doses has resulted in few vaccines administered in low and middle income countries (LMICs). The COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) is a WHO-led initiative to promote vaccine access equity to LMICs and is providing many of the doses available in these settings. However, initial doses are limited and countries, such as Madagascar, need to develop prioritization schemes to maximize the benefits of vaccination with very limited supplies. There is some consensus that dose deployment should initially target health care workers, and those who are more vulnerable including older individuals. However, questions of geographic deployment remain, in particular associated with limits around vaccine access and delivery capacity in underserved communities, for example in rural areas that may also include substantial proportions of the population. Methods To address these questions, we developed a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics and simulated various vaccination allocation strategies for Madagascar. Simulated strategies were based on a number of possible geographical prioritization schemes, testing sensitivity to initial susceptibility in the population, and evaluating the potential of tests for previous infection. Results Using cumulative deaths due to COVID-19 as the main outcome of interest, our results indicate that distributing the number of vaccine doses according to the number of elderly living in the region or according to the population size results in a greater reduction of mortality compared to distributing doses based on the reported number of cases and deaths. The benefits of vaccination strategies are diminished if the burden (and thus accumulated immunity) has been greatest in the most populous regions, but the overall strategy ranking remains comparable. If rapid tests for prior immunity may be swiftly and effectively delivered, there is potential for considerable gain in mortality averted, but considering delivery limitations modulates this. Conclusion At a subnational scale, our results support the strategy adopted by the COVAX initiative at a global scale.
IntroductionI’infection urinaire à Escherichia coli est fréquente en milieu hospitalier. Cette étude se propose de décrire les différents phénotypes de résistance des souches d’Escherichia coli afin de surveiller leur émergence.MéthodesIl s’agit d’une étude rétrospective de type descriptif de 102 souches d’Escherchia coli responsables d’infection urinaire sur une période allant du mois de Janvier 2014 au mois d’Octobre 2016 au Laboratoire du Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Befelatanana Antananarivo.RésultatsLa résistance aux béta-lactamines a identifié des pénicillinases de haut niveau 50% (n=51), des Escherichia coli sécrétrices de Béta-Lactamase à Spectre Etendu E-BLSE 22,5% (n=23), des céphalosporinases de haut niveau 14,7% (n=15), des pénicillinases de bas niveau 5,9% (n=6), des souches sauvages 5,9% (n=6) et une souche d’Escherichia coli hautement résistante émergente. La résistance aux aminosides a concerné 58 (56,9%) phénotypes sauvages, 29 (28,4%) souches sensibles à l’amikacine et 15 (14,7%) résistants à tous les aminosides. La résistance aux fluoroquinolones a identifiée 52 (51%) souches sauvages, 9 (8,8%) souches sensibles à la ciprofloxacine et 41 (40,2%) résistantes à tous les fluoroquinolones. Les femmes (25, 7%) (p= 0,25, NS), les sujets de plus de 60 ans (38,7%) (p=0,02), les sujets hospitalisés dans le service de néphrologie (53,8%) (p=0,04), ayant présenté des troubles urinaires et rénaux (29, 7%) (p= 0,2, NS), ont été les plus affectés par les E-BLSE.ConclusionLa multi-résistance élevée des souches d’Escherichia coli interpelle sur une révision du traitement empirique des infections urinaires.
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