This study aims to explore investment, financial, and trade freedom impact on banks’ risk-taking. A unique dataset of large commercial banks of the USA covering the period 2002-2018 is used. The findings prove that financial freedom reduces the bank’s risk-taking whereas investment and trade freedom increase the risk-taking of large commercial banks in the observed period. The behavior of risk-taking due to financial, trade and investment freedom of under-capitalized and low-liquid banks seems to be marginally less impacted as compared to well-capitalized and high-liquid banks. The findings are robust using loan loss reserves as a risk measure and subclassification of a sample. The results suggest that the intervention of the government is decisive in developing the degree of economic freedom for the stability of the financial system.
Pakistan is struggling against many problems; out of which political instability and terrorism are crucial problems. These issues hindered the economic growth of the country as well as the confidence of investors. This study has investigated the impact of political events on Pakistan Stock Exchange. This paper uses a standard event study methodology. Data relating to the stock market index has been collected from the website of Pakistan Stock Exchange and relating to political events has been collected from the newspapers of Business Recorder and DAWN. A total of 18 political events was considered in the study out of which 08 events were coded as positive and other 10 were deemed negative. The first day abnormal return, a five-day cumulative abnormal return and ten-day cumulative return was calculated for all of the events. This study found evidence that political events affected the stock market in Pakistan, but their impact is different considering the economic and political implications of these events. Certain events had the strongest impact on the stock market like Nuclear tests for effective defense, the Supreme Court had revoked the Presidential order and Nawaz Sharif had been reinstated, General elections held in the country and the 14th amendment because 14th amendment was related to the elimination of corruption in political parties. Overall, this study laid the foundation to make further explorations into the phenomenon of uncertainty caused by political events in relevance to the stock market in Pakistan.
Purpose - The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between the credit information sharing and the funding cost of banks of the top ten “AA rating” commercial banks of Pakistan as the Commercial banks also play a significant role in the economy of every country. Design/Methodology - In this study, panel data were analyzed from 2011 to 2017. We selected the top ten “AA rating” banks from Pakistan credit rating agency (PACRA) website, and data related to another related variables are obtained from financial statements of the respective banks. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) statistical technique was employed to measure the relationship among related variables. Findings - The result of the study shows that there is a negative and significant relationship between credit information sharing, operation efficiency, and funding cost. On the other side, profitability has a positive and significant relationship with the funding cost of the bank. Practical Implications - To manage the funding cost policymakers must focus two key findings which are credit information sharing and operational efficiency of bank and set up a credit information sharing institutions which help to reduce information irregularity and ultimately manage the funding cost of the banks.
This study provides an exploration of the impact of political events on the Pakistan Stock Market using a larger data set. The stock market of Pakistan which is considered the top-performing market in the region has suffered as well as foreign investors are reluctant to invest in Pakistan stock markets due to uncertainty caused by political instability. Pakistan is struggling against many problems; political instability is a significant problem due to which the economic growth of the country is being hindered and the confidence of the investors has been shaken. A total of 66 political events were considered in the study out of which 33 events were coded as positive and the other 33 were deemed negative. The first-day abnormal return, five-day cumulative abnormal return, and ten-day cumulative return were calculated for all of the events. The political events were analyzed by segregating these into Pre-Musharraf, Musharraf, and Post-Musharraf eras and also on the bases of their category. This study finds evidence that political events affect the Pakistan Stock Exchange, but their impact is different considering the economic and political implications of these events. Certain events had a stronger impact on the stock market like the takeover of Musharraf, suspension of the chief justice, and assassination of Benazir Bhutto. Political events provided more consistent results where elections yield positive stock returns and selection of prime minster yields negative stock returns after elections. Overall, this study lays the foundation to make further explorations into the phenomenon of uncertainty caused by political events in relevance to stock markets in Pakistan.
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