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The semen quality of 479 men in infertile marriages, who attended the infertility clinic of OOUTH, Sagamu between May 2004 and April 2009 were analyzed. The semen samples were physically examined, microscopically analyzed and aerobically cultured. The result showed that out of 51.5% oligospermic cases recorded, 39.8% could be classified severe. Cryptozoospermia were diagnosed in 72 (15%) cases. Bacteriospermia and Necrozoospermia were found in 149 and 6 cases respectively. The predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (50.32%) while Neisseria gonorrhoea was isolated in only 2 cases. Highest infection of 62.4% was noticed among the group with 1%-19% motility. From the studied population, 8.8% were azoospermic. The commonest morphological defects were pin and ragged heads (48%). It is therefore obvious that the assessment of semen quality remains one of the important steps in infertility interventions.

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Current indiscriminate abuse of existing antibiotics in clinical and veterinary treatments lead to an upsurge in antimicrobial resistant strains of microorganisms and aggressive search for alternatives which are readily available, less expensive with little or no side effect. Tea and Coffee are beverages consumed daily in every household in Nigeria. This study examines the antimicrobial and anti-haemolytic properties of commonly available Tea and Coffee in Nigerian market. The antimicrobial potencies of the extracts were assessed through disc diffusion method on pathogens of both man and animal origin while the anti-haemolytic assay was carried out through colorimetric method. The extracts were slightly acidic at full strength and no antifungal property was observed. Broad spectrum and bactericidal effects were observed against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella pullorum, Shigella dysenteriae and Streptococcus pneumonia. These activities were concentration dependent. Very poor activity was observed against Escherichia coli. Bactericidal rate of coffee was at 6hrs but ranged between 18 and 24 hrs for tea extracts. Tea extracts greatly inhibited the haemolytic potential of alpha toxins while coffee performed poorly. Tea and Coffee could thus serve as supportive treatment for some bacterial infections without fear of side effects, since they are naturally taken as daily beverages.

Snails are harvested for food in many parts of the world but are susceptible to environmental contaminations and pollutants due to the continuous ingesting of bacteria from the soil and the environment which they are found. Thus, the study has been designed to investigate the distribution and prevalence of micro-organisms in snails in humid tropics of Nigeria. Fifteen samples of Archachatina marginata were collected from Melege village, Ose local government area, Ondo State, Nigeria. The foot and head were analyzed microbiologically for bacterial loads before and after processing with five cleansing reagents: lime, alum, vinegar, salt and ash. Lime proved most effective reagent for decontaminating snail meats as it had the highest reduction of microbial load after processing (57.1%), followed by salt (44%) and the least was alum (20%). The mean microbial load on the head ranged between 9-22cfu/cm2 before and 4-12cfu/cm2 after processing, while foot ranged between 13-19cfu/cm2 before and 8-14cfu/cm2 after processing. Eight isolates belonging to nine genera including Micrococcus luteus [10(21.31%)] most predominant, followed by Escherichia coli [8(13.11%)], Proteus vulgaris [8(13.11%)], Klebsiella spp [6(16.39%)], Bacillus spp [6(9.84%)], Aeromonas spp [5(11.48%)], Streptococcus pyogenes [6(8.2%)], and least was Enterobacter spp [4(6.56%)] respectively. Results showed different pathogenic bacteria in snails. The presence of higher number of pathogenic Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli among others, encountered in Archachatina marginata is an indication of public health hazard and also a warning signal for possible occurrence of food borne. The result showed lime as the most effective reagent in processing snail meat. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates showed that all the bacteria isolated were susceptible to Gentamicin (GEN), only Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus spp were susceptible to Ceftazidime (CAZ) and Cloxacillin (CXC) respectively and all the were resistant to Ampicillin (AMP). The presence of these microorganisms showed that snail's samples harbor some potential pathogenic bacteria of medical importance and washing with some cleansing additives, especially lime is recommended for proper decontamination. The resistance of the organisms to some of the drugs portrayed the global increased concern over the continuous use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine and the resultant effects.

Malaria is an endemic disease in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it accounts for the death of more than 1million children annually. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of malaria parasite among children between 2-15 years of age visiting State Specialist Hospital Ikare-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria, using Rapid diagnostic test kits and staining methods. The study does from July to December 2017. Two millimeters of venous blood samples were collected from each of the 300 enlisted children and stored in an anticoagulated specimen bottle. Thick and thin blood films prepared from the collected samples, stained and examined for the presence of malaria parasite use the Microscope. Three Rapid diagnostic test kits were also used. Two hundred and thirty-six (78.68%) of the 300 children investigated were found to have malaria parasite infection. Gender distribution showed that more male (45.67%) were infected than females (33.01%). Infections due to age distribution revealed that children within the ages of 2-5 years were more infected (39.3%) than children in other age range (6-10 years, 23.34% and 11-15 years, 17%). There was no statistical difference in the results obtained from the various techniques used (p<0.05) even though Carestart kit appeared less sensitive. Plasmodium falciparum was found to be the cause of malaria infection in Ikare-Akoko. Since there was no statistical difference in the two methods examined, the use of rapid diagnostic kits should be encouraged while more awareness campaign and efforts geared towards the prompt and adequate treatment of infected individuals.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection known to affect different parts of the urinary tract of both male and female. Escherichia coli has been found to be responsible for causing 80% to 90% of the infection. An investigation was carried out to determine the prevalence of bacteria, especially E. coli implicated in UTI, and to ascertain their antibiotics susceptibility pattern. Early morning mid-stream urine samples were collected from 250 patients aged 18 to 60 years, between March and July of 2016 from 5 major Hospitals in the study location. The isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods and susceptibility tests were carried out using ten antibiotics. Results showed that 65(30.7%) of the isolates were E. coli. Followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 45(21.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 42(19.8%), Staphylococcus aureus 32(15.1%) and Proteus mirabilis 28(13.2%). The percentages of resistance of E. coli isolates to antimicrobial agents were chloramphenicol (64.9%), sparfloxacin (59.5%), ciprofloxacin (73.0%), septrin (73.0%), amoxacillin (91.9%), augmentin (83.8%), gentamycin (48.7%), perfloxacin (40.5%), ofloxacin (40.5%) and streptomycin (54.1%). The need for constant antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance by health managements system that will help clinicians to provide safe and effective therapy is advocated. Retraction Notice: This paper has been retracted from the journal. This journal is determined to promote integrity in research publication. This retraction is in spirit of the same. After formal procedures editor(s) and publisher have retracted this paper on 10th July 2019. Related policy is available here: http://goo.gl/lI77Nn

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