Low-dose insemination has been proposed to reduce persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) in mares with delayed uterine clearance (DUC). Others proposed that hysteroscopic insemination induces an exaggerated inflammatory response and should be avoided in DUC mares. The objectives here were to evaluate presence and severity of PBIE in normal and DUC mares after hysteroscopic insemination with fresh semen, and to determine if hysteroscopy could be used in DUC mares without inducing excessive inflammation. Reproductively normal (n = 4) and DUC (n = 5) mares received four treatments in random order: uterine body insemination (UB, 1 × 10(9) spermatozoa, 20 ml), hysteroscopic insemination (HYST, 5 × 10(6) spermatozoa, 0.5 ml), sham hysteroscopic insemination (SHAM, semen extender, 0.5 ml) and hysteroscopic infusion of seminal plasma (SP, 0.5 ml). Significantly more DUC (50%) mares than normal (14%) mares accumulated intrauterine fluid 24 h post-treatment. The difference in fluid accumulation between DUC (40%) mares and normal (7%) mares was also significant 48 h post-treatment. Fluid scores were not significantly different between treatments in normal mares. However, treatments HYST and SHAM resulted in significantly higher fluid scores 24 h but not 48 h post-treatment in DUC mares. There was no effect of treatment or mare group on the percentage and total number of neutrophils in uterine fluid 48 h post-treatment. Percentage of neutrophils was correlated with duration of hysteroscopy in normal mares, with procedures lasting ≥ 9 min associated with PBIE. There was no effect of mare group, treatment or duration of hysteroscopy on pregnancy rate. Hysteroscopy induces a transient inflammation that is not more severe than that after conventional artificial insemination, suggesting no contraindication to its use in DUC mares.
Management of burns in Nigeria is cost-effective although expensive for most Nigerians to afford. Nigerian government and health organisations should consider the support of burns patient as this will speed up their recovery, minimize disability and improve quality of life.
Background/Introduction: Marijuana has been used for its psychotropic effects including enhanced relaxation and perceptual alterations. However, the use of synthetic cannabis (marijuana) leads to more frequent and drastic side effects than the typical use of regular marijuana, owing to the fact that synthetic cannabis has a shorter duration and an earlier peak of action. Despite all the potential adverse health effects associated with synthetic cannabis use, current health policies on synthetic cannabis are very limited. It is believed that the popularity of synthetic cannabis has increased, due to its easy accessibility in the US and the lack of detection in typical urine drug screens for Tetrahydrocannabinol derivatives (THC). Case Report: One case is presented of a young adult patient, with histories of recurrent synthetic cannabis and recreational cannabis use, who had developed drastic physiological and psychiatric symptoms, including the development of acute-onset psychosis. Conclusion/Discussion: This case, as many others nationwide, exemplifies the impact of synthetic cannabinoid use and abuse in adolescents. Side effects and adverse health consequences of synthetic cannabinoid use warrants stricter regulations and policies in order to decrease psychiatric hospital admissions and associated healthcare costs.
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that sperm-bound IgG and IgA decrease binding of bull spermatozoa to oviductal epithelial cells in vitro. Three ejaculates were cryopreserved from each of four antisperm antibody (ASA)-negative satisfactory breeder bulls. Bulls were then immunized with autologous spermatozoa, and three ASA-positive ejaculates were cryopreserved from each bull post-immunization. First, microscopy methods were compared to select the most appropriate assay for evaluation of oviductal binding index (BI). The BI did not differ when the evaluation was performed under fluorescence microscopy (131.1 sperm/mm(2); 62.5-251.1 sperm/mm(2)), phase-contrast microscopy (160.5 sperm/mm(2); 56.8-397.4 mm(2)) or their combination (116.4 sperm/mm(2); 56.8-249.6 sperm/mm(2)) (Median; IQR). The combination of microscopy methods was selected as it allowed better visualization of cells. Then, BI was compared between ASA-negative and ASA-positive ejaculates, and the association between BI and ASA binding was evaluated. The BI was less in ASA-positive (114.9; 0 to 201.8 sperm/0.1 mm(2)) than ASA-negative samples (218.9; 24.7 to 276.8 sperm/0.1 mm(2)) (P = 0.0002). This reduction in BI was significant in three of the four bulls. Regression analysis identified a negative association between BI and the percentage of IgG-bound (p = 0.013) but not IgA-bound spermatozoa. In conclusion, sperm-bound IgG decreased the ability of bovine spermatozoa to bind to oviductal epithelial cells in vitro.
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