Standard driving cycles are usually used to compare vehicles from distinct regions, and local driving cycles reproduce more realistic conditions in specific regions. In this article, we employed a simple methodology for developing local driving cycles and subsequently performed a kinematic and energy analysis. As an application, we employed the methodology for cars and motorcycles in Recife, Brazil. The speed profile was collected using a smartphone (1 Hz) validated against a high precision global positioning system (10 Hz), presenting a mean absolute error of 3 km/h. The driving cycles were thus developed using the micro-trip method. The kinematic analysis indicated that motorcycles had a higher average speed and acceleration (32.5 km/h, 0.84 m/s2) than cars (22.6 km/h, 0.55 m/s2). As a result of the energy analysis, it was found that inertia is responsible for most of the fuel consumption for both cars (59%) and motorcycles (41%), but for motorcycles the aerodynamic drag is also relevant (36%). With regards to fuel consumption, it was found that the standard driving cycle used in Brazil (FTP-75; 2.47 MJ/km for cars and 0.84 MJ/km for motorcycles) adequately represents the driving profile for cars (2.46 MJ/km), and to a lesser extent motorcycles (0.91 MJ/km) in off-peak conditions. Finally, we evaluated the influence of the vehicle category on energy consumption, obtaining a maximum difference of 38% between a 2.0 L sports utility vehicle and a 1.0 L hatchback.
Local driving cycles (LDCs) capture local traffic characteristics, while standard driving cycles (SDCs) compare vehicles in distinct regions. There is a plethora of LDCs, raising the question as to how distinct they are. To quantify it, we first organized a collection of 77 LDCs. From the speed—time images, it was possible to extract numerical vectors of 40 cycles in a standardized way. Comparing the LDCs developed for cars, we found that their parameters fluctuate significantly: the average speed varies from 14.7 to 44.7 km/h, and the fuel economy varies from 10.8 to 20.5 km/L. Comparing the LDCs with FTP-75 cycle, the difference in speed is 7 km/h, and in fuel economy is 1.5 km/L. For WLTC, the difference is 19.4 km/h and 3 km/L, respectively. Thus, given the deviations found between the analyzed LDCs, and between LDCs and SDCs, the numerical results reinforce the relevance of using LDCs for each region.
Due to its folk use, scientifi c reports and phytochemical screening, the purpose of this work was to study the phytochemical and the biological properties of the methanol extract and to evaluate the anti-infl ammatory activity as well as determine the acute toxicity, antitumor and cytotoxic activity of the root barks of Guettarda platypoda DC., Rubiaceae. In this analysis the presence of fl avonoids and therpenoids were identifi ed. These data and the ones in the literature indicated it as a potential antioxidant and motivated the cytotoxic analysis related with three tumoral cell strains as well as to evaluate its antitumoral activity (sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma) in female mice. Due to the presence of esteroids and the previous study of the ethanolic extract, its anti-infl ammatory activity and toxicity were also evaluated. Absence or low toxicity in 2000 mg/kg doses was verifi ed and the attention to their phytochemical and pharmacological properties is constantly increasing.
This study presents and discusses the evolution of the Brazilian fleet. It is studied the engine and vehicle characteristics (price, registration, engine capacity, maximum power, weight, length, and vehicle segment) from 2003 to 2018, and CO2 emission, urban and road fuel consumption from 2013 to 2018, highlighting changes and its possible reasons. In general, Brazilian cars became cheaper, heavier, and more powerful. Despite the increase in weight and power, the CO2 emission were always inside the government targets. Additionally, it is compared the Brazilian and European average car, and Brazilian cars were cheaper, lighter, shorter, less powerful, and less economical.
Motorcycles are relevant in the Brazilian individual transportation fleet, but they are not as studied as passenger cars. In this study, it is presented a review evaluating engine and physical parameters from motorcycles from 2003 to 2020. First, it is presented the Honda sales dominance in all motorcycle segments sales. After, are presented and analyzed the evolution of main parameters (fleet, average price, engine capacity and maximum power, and weight) from 2003 to 2020. Finally, there is a review regarding the Brazilian motorcycle air pollution control (PROMOT), comparing it with the similar European emission program (EURO) and the Brazilian program for car (PROCONVE). It is conclued that public data for motorcycles in Brazil are far less transparent (e.g., fuel economy and CO2 emission official results are not available for the population and researches) when compared to the similar scenario for Brazilian cars. The authors suggest CONAMA to verify the positive aspects of the PROCONVE program and replicate them for PROMOT, which may foster a long-term improvement in the motorcycle fleet.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.