In clinical conditions such as diaphragm paralysis or mechanical ventilation, disuse-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (DIDD) is a condition that poses a threat to life. MuRF1 is a key E3-ligase involved in regulating skeletal muscle mass, function, and metabolism, which contributes to the onset of DIDD. We investigated if the small-molecule mediated inhibition of MuRF1 activity (MyoMed-205) protects against early DIDD after 12 h of unilateral diaphragm denervation. Wistar rats were used in this study to determine the compound’s acute toxicity and optimal dosage. For potential DIDD treatment efficacy, diaphragm contractile function and fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were evaluated. Western blotting investigated potential mechanisms underlying MyoMed-205’s effects in early DIDD. Our results indicate 50 mg/kg bw MyoMed-205 as a suitable dosage to prevent early diaphragmatic contractile dysfunction and atrophy following 12 h of denervation without detectable signs of acute toxicity. Mechanistically, treatment did not affect disuse-induced oxidative stress (4-HNE) increase, whereas phosphorylation of (ser632) HDAC4 was normalized. MyoMed-205 also mitigated FoxO1 activation, inhibited MuRF2, and increased phospho (ser473) Akt protein levels. These findings may suggest that MuRF1 activity significantly contributes to early DIDD pathophysiology. Novel strategies targeting MuRF1 (e.g., MyoMed-205) have potential therapeutic applications for treating early DIDD.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the student's conception in reference to the teaching materials used for the practical assessment of the discipline of Human Anatomy. The study was quantitative and qualitative, exploratory and descriptive. The materials were industrialized synthetic anatomical models, models made of inexpensive material by students, human cadaveric material, photocopied images and software. The study included 97 students, who after analysis indicated cadaveric materials (35%) as the best educational tool to be applied for the practical assessments of Anatomy. The photocopied images (3%) were the material with which the students presented greater difficulty. The content analysis of the discursive questions showed 5 factors in learning Human Anatomy: little time per table; difficulty in identifying, locating and memorization of anatomical structures; the quality of material used; comparing these materials; and cadaveric material. The study proved to be relevant for the evolution of teaching quality, in addition to the cadaveric material as the best tool to be used in practical assessments of Human Anatomy. We suggest the use of this material the more frequent, in laboratories that have the same materials as analyzed here, because the corpse can never be substituted in teaching and learning of Anatomy.
Introduction: The aim of the present study is to report an original, unusual, case of bilateral anatomical variation of the sciatic nerve, with low origin and high division.Material and Methods: Anatomical dissection was performed on a 66 year-old female cadaver. The corpse was embalmed and conserved through our original embalming techniques.Results: The particular anatomical variation was first detected during routine dissection classes for undergraduate students. The study was completed with contralateral dissection to unveil bilateral variation. In both hind limbs, the sciatic nerve had a low origin, deep below the mid-gluteal region, and suffered high division, near the lower margin of the gluteal region, after a short length of circa 8 cm, to divide into the common fibular and tibial nerves.Discussion: We detect several cases of sciatic nerve high division, in the reports of the earliest anatomists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Vesalius, Da Cortona, or Eustachius. Such ancestral interest for these anatomical variations demonstrates the importance of their knowledge for health professionals of different areas.Conclusion: The accurate study of sciatic nerve anatomical variations bears evident surgical, anaesthesiology and clinical applications. As more meticulous as our anatomical studies may get, one will never reach the state of perfection to consider such studies as definitive.
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