Human heme oxygenase-1 (hHO-1) catalyzes the O 2 -dependent oxidation of heme to biliverdin, CO, and free iron. Previous work indicated that electrophilic addition of the terminal oxygen of the ferric hydroperoxo complex to the ␣-meso-carbon gives 5-hydroxyheme. Earlier efforts to block this reaction with a 5-methyl substituent failed, as the reaction still gave biliverdin IX␣. Surprisingly, a 15-methyl substituent caused exclusive cleavage at the ␥-meso-rather than at the normal, unsubstituted ␣-meso-carbon. No CO was formed in these reactions, but the fragment cleaved from the porphyrin eluded identification. We report here that hHO-1 cleaves 5-phenylheme to biliverdin IX␣ and oxidizes 15-phenylheme at the ␣-meso position to give 10-phenylbiliverdin IX␣. The fragment extruded in the oxidation of 5-phenylheme is benzoic acid, one oxygen of which comes from O 2 and the other from water. The 2.29-and 2.11-Å crystal structures of the hHO-1 complexes with 1-and 15-phenylheme, respectively, show clear electron density for both the 5-and 15-phenyl rings in both molecules of the asymmetric unit. The overall structure of 15-phenylheme-hHO-1 is similar to that of heme-hHO-1 except for small changes in distal residues 141-150 and in the proximal Lys 18 and Lys 22 . In the 5-phenylhemehHO-1 structure, the phenyl-substituted heme occupies the same position as heme in the heme-HO-1 complex but the 5-phenyl substituent disrupts the rigid hydrophobic wall of residues Met 34 , Phe 214 , and residues 26 -42 near the ␣-meso carbon. The results provide independent support for an electrophilic oxidation mechanism and support a role for stereochemical control of the reaction regiospecificity.Heme 1 oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme degradation pathway, oxidizes heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron (1) (Fig. 1). In humans and other mammals, the heme is cleaved exclusively at the ␣-meso position to give biliverdin IX␣. The biliverdin then is reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase before it is conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted in the bile (2). Bilirubin is a powerful physiological antioxidant (3), but is neurotoxic at the high concentrations found in Criggler Najar patients and neonatal jaundice (4). CO, the second product of the reaction, is a gaseous messenger molecule that is thought to be involved in apoptosis (5), atherosclerosis (6), psoriasis (7), vascular constriction (8), cellular protection (9), and chronic renal inflammation (10). Finally, the ferrous iron released by heme oxygenase is normally recycled and serves as the major source of this metal for hemoglobin and other hemoprotein synthesis, as only 1-3% of the iron utilized daily in the synthesis of red blood cells is obtained from the diet (11). Thus, in addition to its other functions, heme oxygenase plays a vital role in maintaining iron homeostasis.In mammals, there are three heme oxygenase isoforms, namely HO-1, HO-2, and HO-3. HO-1 is inducible and present in highest concentration in spleen and liver. It is a stress pro...
Human heme oxygenase-1 (hHO-1) catalyzes the O 2 -and NADPH-dependent oxidation of heme to biliverdin, CO, and free iron. The first step involves regiospecific insertion of an oxygen atom at the ␣-meso carbon by a ferric hydroperoxide and is predicted to proceed via an isoporphyrin -cation intermediate. Here we report spectroscopic detection of a transient intermediate during oxidation by hHO-1 of ␣-meso-phenylheme-IX, ␣-meso-(p-methylphenyl)-mesoheme-III, and ␣-meso-(p-tri-
A general method is described for the synthesis of 1‐aryl‐2‐alkyl‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidines 1, by cyclization of N‐acyl‐N′‐aryltrimethylenediamines 2 with trimethylsilyl polyphosphate. Precursors 2 were obtained by aminolysis of the corresponding N‐(3‐bromopropyl)amides 3. The 1H nmr spectra of tetrahydropyrimidines 1 are analyzed, discussing the influence of substituents in positions 1 and 2 of the heterocyclic ring. Alkaline hydrolysis of compounds 1, which originates exclusively N‐acyl‐N′‐aryltrimethylenediamines 2, through an intermediate carbinolamine, was also studied. Cleavage of such an intermediate is discussed in the light of the stereoelectronic control theory. Reduction of compounds 1 with borane, leads regiospecifically to N‐alkyl‐N′‐aryltrimethylenediamines 6.
Oxidative cleavage of synthetic 5-phenyl protohemin IX in pyridine solution in the presence of ascorbic acid (coupled oxidation), followed by esterification of the products with boron trifluoride-methanol rendered mainly three isomeric biliverdins. These were identified by MS and 1D and 2D 1 H NMR as 15-phenyl biliverdin IXβ (1), 10-phenyl biliverdin IXγ (2) and 5-phenyl biliverdin IXδ (3) dimethyl esters. The fact that biliverdin IXα dimethyl ester derivative is not obtained indicates that oxidation fails to occur in the α-meso-carbon bearing the phenyl group.
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