The idea of an area of endemism implies that different groups of plants and animals should have largely coincident distributions. This paper analyses an area of 1152 000 km2, between parallels 21 and 32°S and meridians 70 and 53°W to examine whether a large and taxonomically diverse data set actually displays areas supported by different groups. The data set includes the distribution of 805 species of plants (45 families), mammals (25 families), reptiles (six families), amphibians (five families), birds (18 families), and insects (30 families), and is analysed with the optimality criterion (based on the notion of endemism) implemented in the program NDM/VNDM. Almost 50% of the areas obtained are supported by three or more major groups; areas supported by fewer major groups generally contain species from different genera, families, or orders. © The Willi Hennig Society 2011.

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The main purpose of this study is to analyze whether areas of endemism can be characterized quantitatively by using insects, which are typically much more poorly sampled than vertebrates or plants. For this, an optimality criterion in the search for endemic areas was used to analyze approximately 1,100 georeferences from 288 species of holometabolous insects found in the study region, the Yungas (a very moist, montane rainforest), located in north-western Argentina. The optimality criterion is implemented with the programs NDM/VNDM, used to evaluate areas of endemism (i.e. a set of cells defined by two or more endemic species). Five grid sizes were used, three square (1°, 0.5°, and 0.25°) and two rectangular (0.25° x 0.5° and 0.5° x 0.25°). In agreement with the traditional biogeographic proposal, the results of the present study indicate that the Yungas can be characterized as a biogeographic unit with its own identity. Twenty six areas related to Yungas have shown 23 species of insects (in 14 families) as endemic, restricted to Yungas environment, and 46 species (in 10 families) as endemic, present in Yungas and surrounding habitats. Our analysis suggests that the use of insects to identify areas of endemism is a powerful tool, even considering the current fragmentary knowledge of these groups in South America. Given that there is no criterion to choose an optimal grid size, the use of different grid sizes is crucial; medium and small sizes are highly recommended because both identify seemingly different patterns. The quantitative method used here is useful to identify areas of endemism, such as disjoint areas or partially overlapping areas, which are difficult to see with other traditional biogeographic methods.

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Carlos G. Burmeister and Carlos Berg were among the most important and influential naturalists and zoologists in Argentina and South America and described 241 species and 34 genera of Lepidoptera. The Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia (MACN) housed some of the Lepidoptera type specimens of these authors. In this study we present a catalogue with complete information and photographs of 11 Burmeister type specimens and 10 Berg type specimens of Phaegopterina, Arctiina and Pericopina (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini) housed in the MACN. Lectotypes or holotypes were designated where primary type specimens could be recognized; in some cases we were not able to recognize types. The catalogue also proposes nomenclatural changes and new synonymies: Opharus picturata (Burmeister, 1878), comb. n.; Opharus brunnea Gaede, 1923: 7, syn. n.; Hypocrisias jonesi (Schaus, 1894), syn. n.; Leucanopsis infucata (Berg, 1882), stat. rev.; Paracles argentina (Berg, 1877), sp. rev.; Paracles uruguayensis (Berg, 1886), sp. rev.

Until now, biogeographic unit of the Yungas was almost exclusively characterized by its floristic taxa. Presence of other taxonomical groups, in this case arthropods, were poorly recorded besides implicit mention of arthropods to characterizeYungas as a natural region. We present herein a species checklist of the holometabolous insects considered as endemics of the Yungas in Argentina. This checklist is a result of a rigorous endemicity analysis (Navarro et al, en prep.) Comments about altitudinal gradients of distribution for these endemic species are made. Results reveal a total of 23 endemic insects species of Yungas, representing 13 families of Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera。

Objetivo: Descripción de una técnica original para el tratamiento de retinoblastoma ocular avanzado.Materiales y método: 820 sesiones de quimioinfusión intra arterial superselectiva en 176 pacientes pediátricos fueron analizadas. Describimos la técnica 2 en 2 pasos para cateterización oftálmica, su utilidad, seguridad y eficacia principalmente para primeras sesiones de quimiocirugía.Resultados: La primer quimioinfusión de Argentina fue en junio 2010 y hasta junio 2021 fueron realizadas 820 sesiones (4.6 sesiones por paciente). En todos los casos la arteria oftálmica pudo ser cateterizada (535 directamente y 285 por arteria meníngea media) con una opacificación coroidea aceptable. Se utilizó un abordaje femoral 3 F en 83% de los casos (pacientes <15 meses), microcatéter Marathon® 1.5 y Magic® 1.5 y 1.2 en el 78%. Tiempo de fluoroscopía en primera sesión entre 0:41 y 4:13 min en tumores unilaterales, 1:12 y 7:34 en bilaterales. No se observaron complicaciones relacionadas con la técnica.Conclusión: Es una técnica simple, segura y con excelentes resultados. Permite la posibilidad de realizar quimiocirugía en pacientes pediátricos con poca instrumentación y sin la necesidad de utilizar acceso 4 F, catéteres guía ni microbalones.