Smart health (s-health) is a vital topic and an essential research field today, supporting the real-time monitoring of user’s data by using sensors, either in direct or indirect contact with the human body. Real-time monitoring promotes changes in healthcare from a reactive to a proactive paradigm, contributing to early detection, prevention, and long-term management of health conditions. Under these new conditions, continuous user authentication plays a key role in protecting data and access control, once it focuses on keeping track of a user’s identity throughout the system operation. Traditional user authentication systems cannot fulfill the security requirements of s-health, because they are limited, prone to security breaches, and require the user to frequently authenticate by, e.g., a password or fingerprint. This interrupts the normal use of the system, being highly inconvenient and not user friendly. Also, data transmission in current authentication systems relies on wireless technologies, which are susceptible to eavesdropping during the pairing stage. Biological signals, e.g., electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG), can offer continuous and seamless authentication bolstered by exclusive characteristics from each individual. However, it is necessary to redesign current authentication systems to encompass biometric traits and new communication technologies that can jointly protect data and provide continuous authentication. Hence, this article presents a novel biosignal authentication system, in which the photoplethysmogram (PPG) biosignal and a galvanic coupling (GC) channel lead to continuous, seamless, and secure user authentication. Furthermore, this article contributes to a clear organization of the state of the art on biosignal-based continuous user authentication systems, assisting research studies in this field. The evaluation of the system feasibility presents accuracy in keeping data integrity and up to 98.66% accuracy in the authentication process.
An ambient assisted living is an advanced health service that includes smart space applications and location-independent individual monitoring. The development of assisted living applications relies on several technologies, such as the Internet of Things, short and long-range communication protocols, middlewares, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. The heterogeneity of the architectural components and communication protocols arises challenges in providing network and security requirements. This chapter overviewes this service and identifies the main communication and security requirements and the challenges to address them. ResumoO ambiente de vida assistida é um serviço avançado de saúde que inclui aplicações em espaços inteligentes e o monitoramento da saúde de indivíduos, independente de sua localização. O desenvolvimento dessas aplicações segue diferentes tecnologias, como a Internet das Coisas, protocolos de comunicação de curto e longo alcance, middlewares, computação em nuvem e inteligência artificial. A heterogeneidade dos componentes que fazem parte dessas arquiteturas e dos próprios protocolos de comunicação utilizados geram desafios para alcançar os requisitos de rede e segurança das aplicações. Este capítulo apresenta uma visão geral desse serviço, identifica os principais requisitos de comunicação e segurança e os principais desafios para endereçá-los. IntroduçãoEm 2017, o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil informou que as hospitalizações de pessoas idosas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) custam aproximadamente 30% a mais
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