In this review of our own work, we show the physics and applications of Josephson Junction (JJ) and 2D arrays (JJA) made with this powerful quantum engine. This study is based on more than twenty articles published in more than two decades. In actual days, applications of this device go from the most sensitive sensor to measure magnetic flux, called S.QU.I.D. (from Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) to quantum bits. A unit cell of a JJ, with a cost of about a few hundred dollars allows the availability of a magnetometer with a cost of about one million dollars to a quantum computer with cost of about ten million dollars. The Josephson junction is an old quantum engine for a rising new world with incredible disruptive technological possibilities.The article is organized as follows: in section 1 we give a short introduction to the subject; section 2 describes the physics of the Josephson effect and the engineering of the Josephson junction; in section 3 we show the magnetic, transport and thermal properties of 2D-JJA; and in section 4 we show the relation between JJA and superconducting granular systems, in particular those related to High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS).
Almost two decades ago, we reported -and patented -by the first time on a simple chemical route aiming to synthetize stable room-temperature magnetic bulk carbon/graphite. We obtained the experimental confirmation that its magnetism originates from defects in the structure (and not from ferromagnetic impurities) from direct measurement of the local magnetic field using 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance associated to the numerical results obtained from DFT (Density-Functional theory) calculations. We have also developed the chemical synthesis route to obtain nanofluid magnetic carbon/graphite. In this short review of our own work, we briefly show these findings as well as the main physical and chemical properties of this material and recent results aiming biotechnological and medical applications. From theoretical calculation, we have analyzed its possible use as a contrast, for example, in the MPI (Magnetic Particle Imaging) technique. Finally, we show here the potential of this material to be used as a drug carrier to reach different targets like those associated with cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer by using what we have called MAGUS ® (Magnetic Graphite Universal System).
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