Community-acquired pneumonia continues to be the acute infectious disease that has the greatest medical and social impact regarding morbidity and treatment costs. Children and the elderly are more susceptible to severe complications, thereby justifying the fact that the prevention measures adopted have focused on these age brackets. Despite the advances in the knowledge of etiology and physiopathology, as well as the improvement in preliminary clinical and therapeutic methods, various questions merit further investigation. This is due to the clinical, social, demographical and structural diversity, which cannot be fully predicted. Consequently, guidelines are published in order to compile the most recent knowledge in a systematic way and to promote the rational use of that knowledge in medical practice. Therefore, guidelines are not a rigid set of rules that must be followed, but first and foremost a tool to be used in a critical way, bearing in mind the variability of biological and human responses within their individual and social contexts. This document represents the conclusion of a detailed discussion among the members of the Scientific Board and Respiratory Infection Committee of the Brazilian Thoracic Association. The objective of the work group was to present relevant topics in order to update the previous guidelines. We attempted to avoid the repetition of consensual concepts. The principal objective of creating this document was to present a compilation of the recent advances published in the literature and, consequently, to contribute to improving the quality of the medical care provided to immunocompetent adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia.Keywords: Pneumonia; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Practice guideline; Primary prevention. ResumoA pneumonia adquirida na comunidade mantém-se como a doença infecciosa aguda de maior impacto médico-social quanto à morbidade e a custos relacionados ao tratamento. Os grupos etários mais suscetíveis de complicações graves situam-se entre os extremos de idade, fato que tem justificado a adoção de medidas de prevenção dirigidas a esses estratos populacionais. Apesar do avanço no conhecimento no campo da etiologia e da fisiopatologia, assim como no aperfeiçoamento dos métodos propedêuticos e terapêuticos, inúmeros pontos merecem ainda investigação adicional. Isto se deve à diversidade clínica, social, demográfica e estrutural, que são tópicos que não podem ser previstos em sua totalidade. Dessa forma, a publicação de diretrizes visa agrupar de maneira sistematizada o conhecimento atualizado e propor sua aplicação racional na prática médica. Não se trata, portanto, de uma regra rígida a ser seguida, mas, antes, de uma ferramenta para ser utilizada de forma crítica, tendo em vista a variabilidade da resposta biológica e do ser humano, no seu contexto individual e social. Esta diretriz constitui o resultado de uma discussão ampla entre os membros do Conselho Científico e da Comissão de Infecções Respiratórias da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiol...
Objective: To determine the efficacy of using forced expiratory volume in six seconds (FEV 6 ) as a surrogate for forced vital capacity (FVC) in the diagnostic screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by comparing FEV 1 /FVC ratios with FEV 1 /FEV 6 ratios. Methods: In November of 2003, on World COPD Day, we conducted a campaign of diagnostic screening for COPD. The participants completed the clinical questionnaire of the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease, and those who responded affirmatively to at least three questions underwent spirometry. Results: A total of 134 individuals responded to three questions affirmatively and underwent spirometry. Of those, 59 were excluded: 45 for being non-smokers and 14 due to the fact that their tests did not meet the American Thoracic Society criteria for satisfactory spirometry. The number of tests in which the FEV 1 /FEV 6 ratio was below 70% was similar to that found for the FEV 1 /FVC ratio. The sensitivity of FEV 1 /FEV 6 in diagnosing airway obstruction (defined as FEV 1 /FVC below 70%) was 92%, and its specificity was 99%. The positive predictive value was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 98%. The Kendall correlation test revealed r = 0.99 (p < 0.0001). The t-test for paired samples revealed a negative correlation: t = -5.93 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The FEV 1 /FEV 6 proved efficient for use in the diagnostic screening for COPD. There is a strong correlation between FEV 1 /FVC and FEV 1 /FEV 6 .
O derrame pleural parapneumônico (DPP) ocorre durante o curso clínico de uma pneumonia ou abscesso pulmonar. Sua incidência é freqüentemente subestimada, podendo aparecer em cerca de 25% a 44% dos casos de pneumonias adquiridas na comunidade (PAC).(1-3) Na maioria das vezes o quadro clínico do DPP se sobrepõe ao da PAC, sendo ele descoberto devido à realização da radiografia de tórax para o diagnóstico inicial ou avaliação da falta de resposta ao tratamento para a PAC.A maioria desses derrames é resolvida com o mesmo tratamento antibiótico da PAC, e sua presença pode passar despercebida. ABSTRACTThe infectious effusion, one of the most frequent causes of pleural effusions in the clinical practice, is a sign of complication of the pneumonic disease. The early recognition of the parapneumonic effusion is crucial to determine the best treatment form and reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality. The evolution in the diagnostic methods and the contribution of several studies published in the literature allowed to establish evidence-based guidelines that are used to guide the treatment of the parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema.Keywords: Pneumonia/complications; Pleural effusion/etiology; Drainage; Empyema, pleural; Radiography, thoracic RESUMOO derrame infeccioso, uma das causas mais freqüentes de derrame pleural obervados na pratica clinica, é um sinal de complicação do quadro pneumônico. O reconhecimento precoce do derrame parapneumônico é fundamental para determinar a melhor forma de tratamento, reduzindo o risco de morbidade e mortalidade. A evolução dos métodos diagnósticos e a experiência dos diversos estudos publicados na literatura permitiram estabelecer diretrizes baseadas em evidencias que orientam a conduta de abordagem terapêutica do derrame parapneumônico e empiema.Descritores: Pneumonia/complicações; Derrame pleural/etiologia; Drenagem; Empiema pleural; Radiografia torácica tações (denominados de DPP complicados) ou para empiema pleural. (4)(5)(6) EPIDEMIOLOGIANo Brasil, existem estudos localizados em que a incidência de DPP se encontra entre 20% e 30% dos casos de PAC internados.(3-7) Em 2005, calculase que o número de pacientes com PAC internados foi de aproximadamente 730.000, (8) o que permite estimar entre 140.000 e 210.000 casos de DPP.Na literatura mundial, estima-se que 10% dos DPP podem evoluir para DPP complicado ou empiema pleural, (2) com a mortalidade situando-se entre 6% e 10% dos casos. (4,6) No Brasil, não dis- Capítulo 5Capítulo 5
The shortage of PFF2, N95, and KN95 respirators and their equivalents for the respiratory protection of the population and health professionals during COVID-19 pandemic has driven the adoption of alternative measures to address the lack of personal protective equipment (PPE). The use of surgical masks, handmade masks, and even the prolonged use of respirators were some of the measures adopted in response to the high demand for these products, and their consequent shortage. In this context, the present study evaluated the microbiota and integrity of reused PFF2 respirators in the central sterile services department of a hospital. Respirators that had been used for 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 36 h were sampled for the inoculation and cultivation of fungi and bacteria and the identification of their microbiota. To assess the integrity of the respirators, a filtration efficiency assessment test was conducted of the respirators used for 36 h. The results obtained showed that the microbiota of the respirators comprised commensal fungi and bacteria from the oral and nasal regions of human beings. It was also found that after 36 h of use, the respirators did not demonstrate a decrease in filtration efficiency; that is, they retained their 97% filtration efficiency. Considering the findings regarding the presence and pathogenicity of microorganisms, it is possible that the reuse of respirators for up to 36 h does not harm the health of immunocompetent users. In terms of PPE efficiency, no compromises were evidenced.
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