Na próxima década a tarefa mais urgente do Primeiro Mundo será extrair a quadratura do círculo, equacionando bem-estar, coesão social e liberdade política" Jürgen Habermas
Cultural sociology aims at incorporating the central role of meaning-making into the analysis of social phenomena. The article presents an overview of cultural sociology, focusing on its main theoretical frameworks, methodological strategies and empirical investigations. The interplay between the cultural and the social and the focus on meaning variations are two central principles of analysis based on which cultural sociologists seek to revitalize the notion of culture in sociology. Since these principles can be combined in different manners, the article compares the two main current approaches to connect cultural codes and social interactions in the symbolical analysis of social phenomena.
Resumo Este artigo pretende oferecer um panorama sobre as inflexões teóricas mais recentes da sociologia política sobre a noção de cidadania. Considero as relações entre teoria sociológica e História para analisar a transição de abordagens clássicas sobre cidadania nacional, impregnadas pelo horizonte histórico e conceitual de formação dos Estados nacionais, em direção a um conceito que, frente à intensificação de processos globais, aparece cada vez mais desvinculado da exclusividade nacional. O contexto histórico da globalização impõe desafios urgentes para a forma de pensar a própria ideia de solidariedade. A rearticulação de elementos básicos de cidadania (como direitos, titulações e territorialidade), a diversificação dos espaços políticos de reivindicação, a emergência de novos atores e as alterações na dinâmica de inclusão e exclusão são algumas das novas condições que, atualmente, redirecionam a abordagens sobre o conceito.
Note 1. The Darul Arquam movement in Malaysia was founded by Ustaz Ashaari Muhammad. It emerged in the 1960s as a religious study group among the lower middle classes in Kuala Lumpur. The Darul Arquam then expanded globally with a branch in Cairo among the Malaysian students studying at the religious al-Azhar University. They became famous for developing a kind of a Muslim 'green' movement with alternative products, food and markets and expanded to create quite successful businesses. Hunted down by the government in the 1990s, it was demonized for teaching 'deviant Islam' and its leader was jailed. Ustaz Ashaari Muhammad was released in 2004.
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