RESUMOA presença de metais pesados no lodo de esgoto é uma das restrições quanto ao seu uso em áreas agrícolas. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de lodo de esgoto por 11 anos consecutivos em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico sobre as concentrações de Ba, Cd, Cr e Pb em três profundidades no solo (0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm), bem como quantificar os mesmos metais na folha diagnose e nos grãos de milho. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (0, 5, 10 e 20 t ha -1 de lodo de esgoto, base seca) e cinco repetições. As amostras de folha diagnose, solo, plantas inteiras e grãos foram obtidas, respectivamente, aos 60, 68, 80 e 123 dias após a emergência das plantas. A aplicação de doses de lodo de esgoto de 10 e 20 t ha -1 aumentou os teores de Ba, Cr e Pb na camada superficial do solo (0-10 cm), mas não alterou os de Cd. As doses do lodo de esgoto testadas não proporcionaram incrementos nas concentrações de Cd, Cr e Pb na folha diagnose e de Ba, Cd, Cr e Pb nas plantas de milho. A concentração de Ba na folha diagnose reduziu com a aplicação do resíduo.

Sewage sludge (SS) has been used in agriculture on a large scale in Europe. In tropical climate conditions, due to rapid organic matter degradation, SS can provide toxic elements that can cause damage to the environment. We evaluated an area that received doses of SS for 10 years compared to mineral fertilization. The biogeochemical parameters (amylase, cellulase, invertase and dehydrogenase activity, carbon microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, soluble carbohydrates, total carbohydrates and glucose) and maize agronomic performance were evaluated. There was no increase of organic matter in the area due to the SS application. However, the application of SS for 10 consecutive years influenced the biogeochemical parameters evaluated in a similar way to the area that received mineral fertilizer. The SS proved efficient in completely replacing P fertilization and micronutrients. SS can also partially replace N fertilization without reducing maize productivity.

Nickel (Ni) availability in soil varies as a function of pH. Plants require Ni in small quantities for normal development, especially in legumes due its role in nitrogen (N) metabolism. This study investigated the effect of soil base saturation, and Ni amendments on Ni uptake, N accumulation in the leaves and grains, as well as to evaluate organic acids changes in soybean. In addition, two N assimilation enzymes were assayed: nitrate reductase (NR) and Ni-dependent urease. Soybean plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum were cultivated in soil-filled pots under two base-cation saturation (BCS) ratios (50 and 70%) and five Ni rates – 0.0; 0.1; 0.5; 1.0; and 10.0 mg dm-3 Ni. At flowering (R1 developmental stage), plants for each condition were evaluated for organic acids (oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, tartaric, fumaric, oxaloacetic, citric and lactic) levels as well as the activities of urease and NR. At the end of the growth period (R7 developmental stage – grain maturity), grain N and Ni accumulations were determined. The available soil-Ni in rhizosphere extracted by DTPA increased with Ni rates, notably in BCS50. The highest concentrations of organic acid and N occurred in BCS70 and 0.5 mg dm-3 of Ni. There were no significant differences for urease activity taken on plants grown at BSC50 for Ni rates, except for the control treatment, while plants cultivated at soil BCS70 increased the urease activity up to 0.5 mg dm-3 of Ni. In addition, the highest values for urease activities were reached from the 0.5 mg dm-3 of Ni rate for both BCS treatments. The NR activity was not affected by any treatment indicating good biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) for all plants. The reddish color of the nodules increased with Ni rates in both BCS50 and 70, also confirms the good BNF due to Ni availability. The optimal development of soybean occurs in BCS70, but requires an extra Ni supply for the production of organic acids and for increased N-shoot and grain accumulation.

The description of physiological disorders in physic nut plants deficient in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) may help to predict nutritional imbalances before the appearance of visual symptoms and to guide strategies for early nutrient supply. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of physic nuts (Jatropha curcas L.) during initial development by analyzing the gas exchange parameters, nutrient uptake and use efficiency, as well as the nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase activities and polyamine content. Plants were grown in a complete nutrient solution and solutions from which N, P or K was omitted. The nitrate reductase activity, phosphatase acid activity, polyamine content and gas exchange parameters from leaves of N, P and K-deficient plants indicates earlier imbalances before the appearance of visual symptoms. Nutrient deficiencies resulted in reduced plant growth, although P- and K-deficient plants retained normal net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g) and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (k) during the first evaluation periods, as modulated by the P and K use efficiencies. Increased phosphatase acid activity in P-deficient plants may also contribute to the P use efficiency and to A and gs during the first evaluations. Early physiological and biochemical evaluations of N-, P- and K-starved plants may rely on reliable, useful methods to predict early nutritional imbalances.

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In this study, we aimed to shed light on the effects of the Ni–Ca interaction on the activity of the urease enzyme and the incidence of blossom end rot (BER) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. Therefore, Micro-Tom tomato plants were grown under different levels of Ni (0.0 and 1.0 mg dm–3) and Ca2+ (0.35 and 0.70 g dm–3), both alone and in combination. Increased yields and urease activity, as well as inhibition of the incidence of BER, were observed for tomato fruits grown with Ni, even under low Ca availability (0.35 g dm–3). In addition, a microprobe X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy characterization of the distal part of the fruits revealed a sharp decrease in Ca content in the fruits that present BER symptoms.

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Although research on the environmental impacts of using waste as a fertilizer is of great importance, the basic principle for using a product as fertilizer is that it should provide nutrients for plants without causing any harm to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic traits (number of nodes, plant height, leaf number, yield, and protein content of grains) and the nutritional status of corn treated with sewage sludge. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Jaboticabal in a Red Latosol. A randomized block design with four treatments (0, 55, 110, and 167.5 Mg ha −1 of sewage sludge) and five repetitions was used. At 30 days after emergence (DAE), the dose of 110 Mg ha −1 dry weight presented greater values for plant height, leaf number and stem diameter. At 60 DAE, the treatments did not affect the agronomic traits.No influence from the treatments tested was observed for protein content of grains and yield. The dose of 167.5 Mg ha −1 showed greater weight of 100 seeds. All treatments showed nutritional imbalances. This study confirmed the agricultural potential of sewage sludge as a source of nutrients.