[1] A unique relation between raindrop size and fall speed v t (D) is assumed throughout atmospheric science. Yet, our speed versus size measurements of millions of drops during natural rainfall events show that many intermediate sized raindrops fall up to an order of magnitude faster than expected. Furthermore, images of drop clusters reveal that these ''super-terminal drops'' are differently sized fragments of a recent break-up, moving with the speed of the parent drop and relaxing towards v t (D). Additional evidence of the break-up conjecture includes: (i) positive skewness in the distribution of fall speed deviations, (ii) strong size dependence of fall speed deviations and their maximum values and, (iii) preponderance of super-terminal drops in the presence of large raindrops (i.e., during periods of high rainfall rates). Citation: Montero-Martínez, G., A. B. Kostinski, R.

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Abstract. The influence of aerosols, both natural and anthropogenic, remains a major area of uncertainty when predicting the properties and behaviour of clouds and their influence on climate. In an attempt to better understand warm cloud formation in a tropical marine environment, a period of intensive measurements took place in December 2004 in Puerto Rico, using some of the latest developments in online instrumentation such as aerosol mass spectrometers, cloud condensation nuclei counters and a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser. Simultaneous online measurements of aerosol size distributions, composition, hygroscopicity and optical properties were made near the lighthouse of Cape San Juan in the north-eastern corner of the island and at the top of East Peak mountain (1040 m a.s.l.), the two sites separated by 17 km. Additional measurements of the cloud droplet residual and interstitial aerosol properties were made at the mountain site, accompanied by measurements of cloud droplet size distributions, liquid water content and the chemical composition of cloud and rain water samples.Both aerosol composition and cloud properties were found to be sensitive to wind sector. Air from the east-northeastCorrespondence to: D. Baumgardner (darrel@servidor.unam.mx) (ENE) was mostly free of anthropogenic influences, the submicron fraction being mainly composed of non-sea salt sulphate, while that from the east-southeast (ESE) was found to be moderately influenced by populated islands upwind, adding smaller (<100 nm), externally mixed, carbonaceous particles to the aerosol that increased the number concentrations by over a factor of 3. This change in composition was also accompanied with a reduction in the measured hygroscopicity and fractional cloud activation potential of the aerosol. At the mountain site, the average cloud droplet concentrations increased from 193 to 519 cm −3 , median volume diameter decreased from 20 to 14 µm and the liquid water content increased from 0.24 to 0.31 g m −3 when the winds shifted from the ENE to ESE. Larger numbers of interstitial particles were recorded, most notably at sizes greater than 100 nm, which were absent during clean conditions. The average size of the residual particles and concentrations of cloudwater nitrate, sulphate and insoluble material increased during polluted conditions.Previous studies in Puerto Rico had reported the presence of a significant non-anthropogenic organic fraction in the aerosols measured and concluded that this was a factor controlling the in situ cloud properties. However, this was not observed in our case. In contrast to the 1.00±0.14 µg m −3

Background The acute impact of different types of physical activity on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes has not been well quantified. Objectives Our objective was to estimate the rate of change (RoC) in glucose concentration induced acutely during the performance of structured exercise and at recovery in subjects with type 1 diabetes. .70 mmol/L h" 1 (p = 0.46, 95 % CI -1.14 to +2.54) for CONT vs. REST; RoC E -5.25 mmol/ L-h" 1 (p < 0.00001, 95 % CI -7.02 to -3.48) and RoC R +0.72 mmol/L h" 1 (p = 0.71, 95 % CI -3.10 to +4.54) for IHE vs. REST; RoC E -2.61 mmol/L h _1 (p = 0.30, 95 % CI -7.55 to +2.34) and RoC R -0.02 mmol/L h _1 (p = 1.00,95 % CI -7.58 to +7.53) for RESIST vs. REST. Conclusions Novel RoC magnitudes ROCE, ROC R reflected rapid decays of glycemia during CONT exercise and gradual recoveries immediately afterwards. RESIST showed more constrained decays, whereas discrepancies were found for IHE.Novel glycemia rate-of-change magnitude data expressed in measurable units may provide a means of translating the effects of exercise on glucose dynamics into information that benefits patient self-management.Rapid decays of glycemia were found during continuous moderate exercise, followed by mild increases immediately afterwards.Resistance exercise was associated with more constrained decreases, whereas discrepancies were found for intermittent high-intensity exercise.