Our findings suggested that UFH may be a feasible and safe intervention in sepsis. However, this study was not able to demonstrate a beneficial effect on the chosen primary outcomes or in the 28-day mortality rate.
Introduction: Infection promotes coagulation via a large number of molecular and cellular mechanisms, and this procoagulant activity has boosted basic and clinical research using anticoagulant molecules as therapeutic tools in sepsis. Heparin, which is a naturally occurring proteoglycan that acts by reducing thrombin generation and fibrin formation, has not been rigorously tested in a randomized clinical trial.
Background and aims: B cells involvement in animal models of atherosclerosis has been unequivocally established. However, the role of these cells in patients with atherosclerosis is almost unknown. Besides the production of antibodies, B cells can also exhibit regulatory functions mainly through IL-10. Here, we characterized human B cell subsets, their production of IL-10 in patients with atherosclerosis and their potential association with inflammation. Methods: Patients with confirmed atherosclerotic events and controls with low cardiovascular risk were included. B cells subsets were determined in mononuclear cells (PBMC) using flow cytometry. PBMC were cultured ex vivo (5 h) and in vitro (48 h) to determine IL-10 þ B cells and in some cases TNF-α þ and IFN-γ þ CD4 þ T cells. The inflammatory state of the participants was determined through high sensitivity C reactive protein levels. Results: Increase in percentage and number of plasmablasts was observed in patients with atherosclerosis compared with controls. A decreased frequency of IL-10 þ B cells was observed in patients, both in ex vivo and in vitro cultures. This decrease was detected in transitional, memory, and plasmablast subsets. Interestingly, the reduction of IL-10 þ B cells negatively and significantly correlated with the inflammatory condition of the studied subjects and associated with an increased frequency of TNF-α þ and IFN-γ þ CD4 þ T cells. The blockade of IL-10R did not show further effect in T cells activation. Conclusions: There is an association between the inflammatory state and a reduction of IL-10 þ B cells that could contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
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