This paper aims to provide evidence on the relationship between fiscal and monetary policy in Colombia through an empirical exploration of the credit risk channel. Under this approach, fiscal policy plays an important explanatory role in the sovereign risk premium, which, in turn, could affect the exchange rate and inflation expectations. The Central Bank reacts to inflation expectations using the policy interest rate; consequently, such reaction could be indirectly influenced by fiscal behavior. Using monthly data from January 2003 to December 2019, we estimate both jointly and independently the reduced-form core equations of a system that describes the credit risk channel in a small open economy. Our findings are in line with the model predictions. Fiscal policy affected the country’s sovereign risk during this period, but only slightly. Hence, there is insufcient evidence to sustain the idea that monetary policy has been signifcantly influenced by government fiscal management.
A large empirical literature has shown that countries that trade more with each other have more correlated business cycles. We show that previous estimates of this relationship are biased upward because they ignore common trade exposure to other countries. When we account for common trade exposure to foreign business cycles, we find that (1) the effect of bilateral trade on business cycle comovement falls by roughly 25 percent and (2) common exposure is a significant driver of business cycle comovement. A standard international real business cycle model is qualitatively consistent with these facts but fails to reproduce their magnitudes. Past studies have used models that allow for productivity shock transmission through trade to strengthen the relationship between trade and comovement. We find that productivity shock transmission increases business cycle comovement largely because of a country-pair's common trade exposure to other countries rather than because of bilateral trade. When we allow for stronger transmission between small open economies than other country-pairs, comovement increases both from bilateral trade and common exposure, similar to the data.
We develop a small open economy model with nominal rigidities and fragmented labor markets to study the response of the monetary policy to a migration shock. Migrants are characterized by their productivity levels, their restrictions to accumulate capital, as well as by the flexibility of their labor income. Our results show that the monetary policy response depends on the characteristics of migrants and the local labor market. An inflow of low(high)-productivity workers reduces(increases) marginal costs, lowers(raises) inflation expectations and pushes the Central Bank to reduce(increase) the interest rate. The model is calibrated to the Colombian economy and used to analyze a migratory inflow of financially constraint workers from Venezuela into a sector with flexible and low wages.
El choque ocasionado por el COVID-19 generó un desplome de la inversión en Colombia que se tradujo en una brecha negativa de -2,8% del PIB en el segundo trimestre de 2020. A nivel regional, este episodio afectó en mayor grado a Perú, mientras que países como México, Chile y Brasil sufrieron menores detrimentos. La reactivación de la inversión en Colombia fue relativamente más lenta frente a sus pares y ha sido impulsada por el buen desempeño de las compras de maquinaria y equipo. En este documento se analizan los factores macro que determinan este tipo de inversión y su comportamiento durante la pandemia. Los resultados confirman los efectos esperados: las compras de maquinaria y equipo se reducen con los aumentos del costo de uso del capital y de la tasa de cambio real, y aumentan con el crecimiento de la actividad económica y la confianza de los empresarios. Estos últimos generan impactos más duraderos. Otras variables que podrían influir las decisiones de inversión, como el acceso al crédito y el grado de apertura, son usadas como variables de control.
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