Malaria is a serious infectious disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus that affect different vertebrate hosts. Severe malaria leads to host death and involves different pathophysiological phenomena such as anemia, thrombocytopenia and inflammation. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important effector molecule in this disease, but little is known about its role in avian malaria models. Plasmodium gallinaceum- infected chickens were treated with aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, to observe the role of NO in the pathogenesis of this avian model. AG increased the survival of chickens, but also induced higher parasitemia. Treated chickens demonstrated reduced anemia and thrombocytopenia. Moreover, erythrocytes at different stages of maturation, heterophils, monocytes and thrombocytes were infected by Plasmodium gallinaceum and animals presented a generalized leucopenia. Activated leukocytes and thrombocytes with elongated double nuclei were observed in chickens with higher parasitemia; however, eosinophils were not involved in the infection. AG reduced levels of hemozoin in the spleen and liver, indicating lower inflammation. Taken together, the results suggest that AG reduced anemia, thrombocytopenia and inflammation, explaining the greater survival rate of the treated chickens.
RESUMO:No século XXI a noção de periculosidade como símbolo da loucura se transformará em instrumento a ser usado pelos doutos da lei para exercerem o seu poder sobre a loucura. Culpado ou louco? Tal pergunta será colocada pela justiça e a psiquiatria nascente tentará responder a ela. Este estudo descreve as atitudes da equipe de enfermagem com o psicótico-infrator e identifica as conseqüências advindas delas no cuidado a essa clientela. Estudo qualitativo-descritivo do qual participaram 20 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem do Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico no Município de Niterói, RJ. Os resultados apresentam três categorias: medo, limites nas definições sobre a loucura e crime e controle institucional. Conclui-se que a reformulação do sistema judiciário em relação ao psicótico-infrator precisa ser revista para que se redirecione um novo olhar da psiquiatria e da justiça sobre essa clientela, capacitando a equipe de enfermagem em direção à função próxima do cuidado humano.
ABSTRACT:In the 21 st Century the notion of danger as a symbol of madness would transform itself into an instrument to be used by those who were well-learned in law in order to execute their power over insanity. Guilty or insane? Such a question would be placed in front of the justice system, to which the budding psychiatrist would attempt to respond. This study describes the attitudes of the nursing team towards the psychotic offender and identifies the consequences which result from the care offered such clientele. It is a qualitative-descriptive study with 20 nursing professionals from the nursing staff of the County Hospital for Pyschiatric Care and Treatment, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico no Município de Niterói, RJ). The results presented three categories: fear, limits in the definitions of insanity and crime, and institutional control. We conclude that the reformulation of the judicial system with respect to psychotic offenders must be revised. This would permit a new psychiatric and judicial perspective to be redirected towards the clientele, as well as capacitate the nursing team towards a function based more closely on human care.
RESUMEN:En el siglo XXI, la noción de peligrosidad como símbolo de la locura, se transformará en instrumento a ser usado por los doctos de la leí para ejercer su poder sobre la locura. ¿Culpado o loco? Esa pregunta será colocada por la justicia, y, la naciente psiquiatría intentará responderla. El presente estudio, describe las actitudes del equipo de enfermería con el psicótico infractor e identifica las consecuencias derivadas de ellas en el cuidado a esa clientela. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo del cual participaron veinte profesionales del equipo de enfermería del Hospital de Custodia y Tratamiento Psiquiátrico del Municipio de Niterói, RJ. Los resultados obtenidos presentan tres categorías: miedo, limites en las definiciones sobre la locura y el crimen, y, control institucional. Se concluye que la reformulación del sistema judicia...
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis and is controlled by activated macrophages. However, infection of macrophages by tachyzoites induces TGF-β signaling (TGF-s) inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production. NO inhibition may be a general escape mechanism of distinct T. gondii strains.OBJECTIVES To evaluate in activated macrophages the capacity of T. gondii strains of different virulence and genetics (RH, type I; ME-49, type II; VEG, type III; P-Br, recombinant) to evade the NO microbicidal defense system and determine LC3 loading to the parasitophorous vacuole.METHODS Activated peritoneal macrophages were infected with the different T. gondii strains, NO-production was evaluated by the Griess reagent, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, TGF-s, and LC3 localisation assayed by immunofluorescence.FINDINGS Only RH persisted in macrophages, while VEG was more resistant than P-Br and ME-49. All strains induced TGF-s, degradation of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and NO-production inhibition from 2 to 24 h of infection, but only RH sustained these alterations for 48 h. By 24 h of infection, TGF-s lowered in macrophages infected by ME-49, and P-Br, and NO-production recovered, while VEG sustained TGF-s and NO-production inhibition longer. LC3 loading to parasitophorous vacuole was strain-dependent: higher for ME-49, P-Br and VEG, lower for RH. All strains inhibited NO-production, but only RH sustained this effect probably because it persisted in macrophages due to additional evasive mechanisms as lower LC3 loading to parasitophorous vacuole.MAIN CONCLUSIONS These results support that T. gondii can escape the NO microbicidal defense system at the initial phase of the infection, but only the virulent strain sustain this evasion mechanism.
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