Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in former athletes was 30.0%. Researchers, clinicians and policymakers should be careful about potential prevalence differences among type of sports and diagnostic criteria. Current low-quality evidence shows that future high-quality studies are likely to impact on the estimated prevalence.

ObjectiveTo investigate prevalence, incidence and profile of musculoskeletal injuries in para athletes.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesSearches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, SPORTSDiscus, CINAHL and hand searching.Eligibility criteriaStudies were considered if they reported prevalence or incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in para athletes. Study selection, data extraction and analysis followed the protocol. Meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the prevalence and incidence rate among studies and subgroup analyses investigated whether methodological quality and sample size of the studies influenced on the estimated injury prevalence and incidence. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system determined the strength of evidence.ResultsForty-two studies were included. The prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries was 40.8% (95% CI 32.5% to 49.8%). Because of imprecision, indirectness and inconsistency, the strength of evidence was very low quality. The incidence of musculoskeletal injuries was 14.3 injuries per 1000 athlete-days (95% CI 11.9 to 16.8). The strength of evidence was low quality because of imprecision and indirectness. The subgroup analyses revealed that the sample size influenced on estimated injury prevalence and methodological quality influenced on estimated incidence. Injuries were more prevalent in the shoulder, for non-ambulant para athletes, and in the lower limbs, for ambulant para athletes.Summary/conclusionPara athletes show high prevalence and incidence of musculoskeletal injuries. Current very low-quality and low-quality evidence suggests that future high-quality studies with systematic data collection, larger sample size and specificities of para athletes are likely to change estimates of injury prevalence and incidence in para athletes.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020147982.

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Objectives: To provide reference values for handgrip strength, shoulder and ankle range of motion (ROM) and upper-limb and lower limb stability for youth judokas of both sexes and investigate the effects of sex and side dominance. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: A total of 137 youth judokas from under-18 (n = 60) and under-21 (n = 77) categories of both sexes were assessed. Handgrip strength was assessed using a Jamar dynamometer, ankle ROM was measured by lunge test, shoulder ROM was assessed by an inclinometer and upper-limb and lower limb stability were assessed by the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test and by the Modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT). Results: In both categories, males had greater handgrip strength. In the under-18 category, the dominant side had greater handgrip strength, the non-dominant side of females had smaller shoulder external rotation ROM than the dominant side and also than both sides of males, and females had greater shoulder IR ROM. In the under-21 category, the dominant side of females had greater ankle dorsiflexion ROM than the dominant side of males, the dominant sides and females had greater shoulder ER ROM, and males had better performance in the mSEBT. Conclusions: This study provided reference values for handgrip strength, shoulder and ankle ROM, upper and lower limb stability for youth judokas, which can be used to guide assessment during preseason. Sex influenced on shoulder ER and IR ROM, handgrip strength and lower limb stability. In addition, side dominance influenced on shoulder ER ROM and on handgrip strength.