The use of growth regulators in potato crop is an alternative to reduce the aerial growth of plants and redirects carbon assimilates and nutrients to the tubers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth regulators, paclobutrazol and trinexapac-ethyl on plant growth and changes on the anatomy of leaves of cultivar Markies in summer conditions of the southern region of Brazil. Potato plants cv. Markies were in the summer growing season of Southeast region of Brazil and 35 days after planting, the plants were sprayed with paclobutrazol (PBZ) at 0.125 and 0.250 L ha-1 and trinexapac-ethyl (TE) at 1.0 and 2.0 L ha-1. Treatment with PBZ at both doses reduced the height of potato plants, which resulted in higher index of leaf chlorophyll and reduced the content of starch and non-reducing sugars. Both PBZ and TE treated plants exhibited anatomical changes in the leaves, including larger epidermal cells and more elongated palisades cells. These data suggest that such changes in the anatomy of potato leaf in response to the use of PBZ directly influence leaf metabolism.
A sistemática é a ciência que descreve, nomeia, classifica e determina as relações entre os seres vivos. Atualmente ela enfrenta alguns problemas como a falta de especialistas em alguns grupos e regiões pouco amostradas. Os fasmídeos ainda são pouco estudados no Brasil e não existe registro de especialistas na ordem, causando dessa forma, diversas dificuldades na identificação dos espécimes do táxon. Contudo, apesar desse baixo conhecimento é possível notar vários problemas taxonômicos e pouca literatura disponível. Com isso, este trabalho tem como objetivo reconhecer e listar as espécies de Phasmatodea originalmente descritos para o Brasil, além de tecer alguns comentários sobre o histórico taxonômico do grupo no país. Synopsis of Phasmatodea (Insecta) Described from Brazil Abstract. Systematics involves description, naming of taxa, classification and phylogenetics determination of evolutionary relationships among the living. The decline in taxonomists available and the lack of taxonomic expertise lead to the so-called taxonomical impediments. The diversity and distribution of the phasmids in Brazil is still little known as any taxonomist is available in the country. However, although this poor knowledge in the Brazilian phasmids, it is possible to observe many taxonomical problems, very few literatures available. Thus, in this paper we listed all species originally described from Brazil and pointed out some notes about the taxonomic history of the phasmids from Brazil.
Bees are typically diurnal but around 1% of described species have nocturnal activity. Nocturnal bees are still poorly studied due to bias towards studying diurnal insects. However, knowledge concerning their biology and role as crop pollinators has increased. We review the literature on nocturnal bees’ traits and their host plants, and assess the crop pollination effectiveness of this neglected group. Nocturnal bees have visual adaptations to cope with low light intensities, and floral scents are a key sensory cue used to find their host flowers. Nocturnal bees generally show high flower constancy, the ability to vibrate flowers, and high transfer rates of pollen grains to stigmas. The flowers visited by nocturnal bees range from small radial and zygomorphic flowers to large brush blossoms; moreover, they visit plants with different flowering strategies. Nocturnal bees are effective pollinators of regional fruit crops in Brazil, such as cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), guaraná (Paullinia cupana), cajá (Spondias mombin), and in North America of cultivated pumpkins (Cucurbita species). However, they most likely are pollinators of several other crops. Strategies to host high numbers of nocturnal bees around cropping areas should be taken, such as preserving adjacent native forests, restricting soil management, providing food resources beyond crop flowers, and avoiding light pollution.
The shift in flight activity from daylight to twilight in crepuscular bees is assumed to have evolved to escape competitors, but quantitative confirmation of this hypothesis has never been demonstrated clearly. Pseudobombax longiflorum is a chiropterophilous plant, with flowers presenting large amounts of pollen throughout anthesis, thus attracting not only nocturnal visitors, but also crepuscular and diurnal bees. In this dynamic system, the fraction of pollen that flows to different visitors and the putative role of bees in pollination remain unknown. We analysed floral biology, the frequency of visitors in periods with different light intensities and the rate of pollen removal by each visitor group. A pollinator-exclusion experiment showed that bees were not pollinators of Pseudobombax longiflorum, although they collected > 60% of the pollen from their flowers. Crepuscular bees gained the greatest amount of pollen in the few minutes when they foraged without either nocturnal or diurnal competitors, confirming the advantage of foraging under low light. During the short twilight period, these bees foraged alone and removed 26.5 and 15 times more pollen per minute than nocturnal and diurnal visitors, respectively. Therefore, pollen removal by crepuscular bees is particularly efficient when they forage in the brief period while competitors are absent.
Details of the foraging patterns of solitary bees are much less well known than those of social species, and these patterns are often adjusted to exploit floral resources of one or only a few species. The specialized flower-visiting bees of Petunia are good models for investigating such foraging patterns. Here we analysed the floral biology and pollen presentation schedule of the endangered Petunia mantiqueirensis in mixed Araucaria forests of Serra da Mantiqueira, Brazil. Pollinators and their pollen foraging behaviour and food specialization were determined through analyses of scopa pollen loads. Flowers opened throughout the day and presented all their pollen resources within the first 30 min of anthesis, thus providing their pollen resources in an asynchronous fashion in one-flower packages throughout the day. Females of Pseudagapostemon fluminensis were the most frequent flower visitors, contacting stigmas in 96% of their visits, and were the unique effective pollinators of Petunia mantiqueirensis. These pollinators were responsible for the first three visits to 115 individually monitored flowers at any daylight hour, removing ~86% of a flower’s total pollen supply during the first visit. Although female bees harvest the majority of pollen resources of Petunia mantiqueirensis, analyses of scopa loads revealed that most of them also collect pollen from plants of other families while foraging for pollen in Petunia flowers.
Resumo. Os representantes da ordem Phasmatodea são conhecidos popularmente como bicho-pau e bicho-folha pela grande capacidade de camuflagem. Atualmente são conhecidas aproximadamente 3000 espécies válidas em todo o mundo, agrupadas em 523 gêneros e 13 famílias. A fauna de fasmídeos brasileiros apresenta mais de 200 espécies, porém um grande número de espécies apresenta problemas taxonômicos. O presente estudo relata os achados do levantamento das espécies de Phasmatodea em quatro pontos amostrais próximos ao município de Diamantina-MG, localizados no planalto Diamantina, Cadeia do Espinhaço. Foram realizadas coletas na mata ciliar do córrego Soberbo, Caminho dos Escravos, Parque Estadual do Biribiri e Parque Nacional das Sempre Vivas, no período de outubro de 2009 a março de 2011, abrangendo as estações chuvosa e seca. Foram coletados um total de 47 indivíduos, sendo 20 fêmeas, 17 machos e 10 ninfas pertencentes à família Heteronemiidae, com dois gêneros Heteronemia e Paraleptynia, e a família Pseudophasmatidae com o gênero Paraphasma, sendo todos os espécimes coletados durante o período chuvoso. Além disso, uma chave de identificação para todos os fasmídeos identificados para o Estado de Minas é também fornecido. Palavras-chave:Chave de identificação; Fasmídeos; Sistemática; Taxonomia. Phasmatodea (Insecta) from Espinhaço Range, Chapada Diamantina Plateau (MG)Abstract. The specimens of the Order Phasmatodea are popular know as Stick insects or leaf insect characterized by a remarkable similarity to their host vegetation. Currently, more than 3000 species are considered valid in the world, grouped in 523 genera and 13 families. The Brazilian phasmid fauna has more than 200 species described, but most of than show taxonomical problems. The present communication is a taxonomic survey of the phasmids fauna found in the municipality of Diamantina-MG, Chapada Diamantina plateau, Espinhaço range. Samplings were done in the forest gallery of Soberbo Stream, Biribiri State Park and Sempre-Vivas National Park, during the dry and wet seasons, between October 2009 to march 2010. A total of 47 specimens have been examined, 20 female, 17 male and 10 nymphs belonging to the family Heteronemiidae, with 2 genera Heteronemia and Paraleptynia, and the family Pseudophasmatidae with the genus Paraphasma were collected only in the wet period. Furthermore, an identification key for all phasmids genera identified from Minas Gerais State is also provided.Keywords: Identification key; Phasmids; Systematic; Taxonomy. _____________________________________ Aordem Phasmatodea (do grego phasma, fantasma, aparição) é representada por insetos terrestres, noturnos, fitófagos e de movimentos muito lentos que vivem sobre folhas, troncos, arbustos e são encontrados principalmente em ecossistemas tropicais e temperados (Bedford 1978; Conle & Hennemann 2011). No Brasil, são popularmente conhecidos como bicho-pau ou bicho-folha por apresentarem coloração críptica, se camuflando entre os galhos secos ou folha de uma planta.Os organismos desse táxon ...
The Polychaeta collected during three distinct Brazilian Antarctic Expeditions (December 1996 to January-1997 December 1997 to January 1998 January to April 2001)
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