-This research aimed to determine the soil seed bank and its relationship with environmental factors that have an influence in the distribution of the vegetation above the ground in an excluded area of natural grassland in the South of Brazil. Most of the 122 identified species in the seed bank were perennials. Data analysis indicated three distinct community groups, according to the size and composition of the soil seed bank in lowlands with permanent wet soils, in lowlands and in other areas. In general, lowlands were characterized by low-fertility soils, high moisture and aluminum contents, being spatially homogeneous habitats and, therefore, more restricted to vegetation heterogeneity than other parts of the relief. Environmental factors most associated with soil seed bank size and composition were relief position and their co-related soil variables such as: soil moisture content, potassium content, organic matter, basic saturation of cation exchange soil capacity, exchangeable basics sum of the soil and clay soil content. According to that, relief position, associated with combined effects of soil chemical properties related to it, determines the observed variation pattern of the soil seed bank, as a reflection of the vegetation above the area.

No abstract

-The interest was the seed longevity dynamics of annual ryegrass in natural conditions as an important tool to explain its dynamics in no tillage systems used in the South of Brazil. The species is commonly managed for natural re-sowing and, in this way, allows cattle grazing with reduced costs during the winter time. In February of 2003, twenty bags of nylon screen containing sterilised soil with 100 seeds in each were randomly buried in the field, 5 cm deep. Around every three or four months, four sacks were exhumed. Seeds were counted and tested using germination and tetrazolium tests. The seeds showed high primary dormancy, which was overcome very fast. After 108, 226, 326, 565 and 732 days of burial there were no significant differences as the secondary dormancy of the seeds that did not germinate in autumn was not high. The last exhumation period was significantly different from the others due to the strong decay on seed viability. As few seeds remained viable after 732 days, the soil seed bank was classified as transient, being evident that in annual pastures the transitory seed banks have a main role in the regeneration of the species.

RESUMO -O estudo objetivou a caracterização da dinâmica de populações de sementes de azevem anual em manejo de revegetação, em um sistema de plantio direto em rotação com soja, em diferentes seqüências. A soja foi cultivada por dois anos e cultivada novamente depois de dois anos de pousio. As quatro seqüências representaram diferentes períodos de manejo, dois deles com soja (6 e 8 anos) e os outros dois restantes (3 e 9 anos). Amostras de solos foram tomadas a cada mês, durante um ano, em duas profundidades (0-5 e 5-10 cm). A dinâmica de vegetação foi também avaliada (numero de plantas, inflorescências e plântulas). A dinâmica do banco de sementes do solo (SSB) mostrou padrão estrutural no tempo, com um período de armazenamento no verão, um período de exaustão durante o outono e um período de transição no inverno e primavera. O estabelecimento de pastagem por revegetação natural 'e` totalmente dependente do banco de sementes do solo. A influ^encia das praticas de manejo no SSB e mais importante do que o numero de anos que estas praticas tem sido implementadas. Locais onde a soja foi cultivada mostraram maior SSB. A maior parte das sementes teve sua dormência quebrada e germinaram no final do período de verão e começo do outono, mostrando um típico SSB transitório, mas com pequena proporção de sementes persistentes.Palavras chaves: azevem annual, pastagem annual, soja, pastagens, plantio direto. Lolium multiflorum SEEDS IN THE SOIL: I. SOIL SEED BANK DYNAMICS IN A NO TILSYSTEM 1 ABSTRACT -The objective of the study was to characterize annual ryegrass seed population dynamics, managed for natural re-sowing, in no til systems in rotation with soybean, in different chronosequences An area was cultivated for two years with soybean, left as fallow land for the next two years and then cultivated again with soybean for the next two years. The four chronosequences represented different management periods, two with soybean (6 and 8 years old) and the other two resting (3 and 9 years old). Soil samples were taken every month during one year and divided into two depths (0-5 and 5-10 cm). Vegetation dynamics were also evaluated (number of plants, inflorescences and seedlings). Soil seed bank (SSB) dynamics showed structural patterns in time, with a "storage period" in summer, an "exhausting period" during autumn and a "transition period" in winter and spring. Pasture establishment by natural re-sowing was totally dependent on the annual recruitment of seeds from the soil. The influence of the management practices on the SSB was more important than the number of years that these practices had been implemented. Places where soybean was sown showed the largest SSBs. Most of the seeds overcame dormancy and germinated at the end of the summer and beginning of the autumn, showing a typically transitory SSB, but with a small proportion of persistent seeds.

RESUMO -O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar diferentes condições de luz e temperatura para o estabelecimento do teste de germinação de sementes de amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Gregory), visando uma primeira aproximação à padronização do teste. Os testes de germinação foram conduzidos com 200 sementes (quatro repetições de 50 sementes), utilizando-se como substrato rolo de papel toalha. O experimento foi conduzido em duas etapas. Na primeira, as temperaturas utilizadas foram 25ºC, 30ºC, 35ºC, 25º-30ºC, 25º-35ºC e 30º-35ºC, com e sem luz. Na segunda, as temperaturas alternadas de 25º-30ºC e 25º-35ºC foram comparadas com a recomendada para o amendoim comum (Arachis hypogaea L.), 20º-30ºC com luz. Foram utilizadas três repetições, em delineamento completamente casualizado. Verificou-se que a utilização de temperaturas alternadas promove uma diminuição significativa no número de sementes duras devido à remoção da dormência das sementes. Entre os tratamentos com temperatura constante, a de 30ºC com luz promove o maior número de plântulas normais. As temperaturas alternadas de 20º-30ºC e 25º-30ºC, com luz, são as mais recomendadas para a condução do teste de germinação. Através da contagem diária do número de plântulas normais, recomenda-se a realização da primeira contagem aos 8 dias e o encerramento do teste de germinação aos 14 dias.Termos para indexação: Arachis pintoi, forrageiras, teste de germinação, dormência. DETERMING LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS FOR THE STANDARD GERMINATION TEST OF BRAZILIAN PEANUTABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to compare different light and temperature regimes to establish conditions for the standard germination test of Brazilian peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Gregory). The germination tests were conducted with 200 seeds (4 x 50), using rolled paper towel. The experiment consisted of two stages. In the first, the temperatures used were 25ºC, 30ºC, 35ºC, 25º-30º C, 25º-35ºC and 30º-35ºC, with and without light. In the second, the alternating temperatures of 25º-30 ºC and 25º-35ºC with light were compared with the recommended (20º-30°C with light) for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Three statistical repetitions were used, in a completely randomized design. It was verified that the use of alternating temperatures promoted a significant decrease in the number of hard seeds because dormancy was overcome. Among the treatments with constant temperature, 30ºC with light showed the highest number of normal seedlings. The temperatures of 20º-30ºC and 25º-30ºC, with light, were the most recommended for the germination test. Daily countings of normal seedlings showed that the best day for the first counting was the 8 th and for the last one the 14 th day of the germination test.

This research has three main objectives: (1) to test the impact of product and service quality, and corporate image on purchase decision, (2) to examine the effect of product and service quality on corporate image, and (3) to test  the mediating role of corporate image on  the relationship between  product and service quality, and purchase decision. The study was conducted at Timor-Telecom company in Dili, Timor-Leste, with a total of 399 participants, and SMART-PLS 3.0 was used to test the hypotheses. The findings of this study reveal that product quality, service quality, and corporate image have a positive and significant influence on purchase decision. Product and service quality also positively influence corporate image. Moreover, corporate image has a significant media ting effect on the relationship between product and service quality, and customer purchasing decision .  The results of this research suggest that companies can enhance their business performance by focusing on improving product and service quality to build apositive corporate image, which, in turn, can increase customer purchasing decisions in the dynamic changes of the telecommuni cation industry environment in Timor-Leste.