In order to create a soil amplification map for Lima, Peru, parameters that correlate best with amplification are examined. Shallow shear wave velocity profiles estimated from MASW measurements at 105 sites were used to provide amplification factor AvTF. AVs10 seems to be the best value for estimating amplification in Lima from the data available. We have attempted to create AVs10 map correlating three parameters – elevation, H/V peak period, and soil type. From this AVs10 map, we have estimated an amplification map for Lima.
Unconventional reservoirs (NCR) have been responsible for an important revolution in the volume and profile of gas production in the USA and are now arousing interest of other countries e.g. China, Canada, Argentina and Australia. In most of the NCR, the development of production has been made possible through horizontal wells with multiple transverse fractures. In order to optimize the well hydraulic fracturing design for exploration and production's development of shale gas/shale oil, is required to understand the key parameters that influence in the complex fractures network. In terms of reservoir stimulation through horizontal wells, the practice by smaller operators came before the theory, generating nice results and promoting theoretical development. The recent join of big operators into the unconventional reservoirs environment raised about the huge volumes of fluids and propping agents used in the complex fractures network, have generated some questions about shale gas/shale oil well stimulation. This work presents the main parameters that have influence on the complex fractures network built in shales, aiming to understand their effects in shale rock in order to avoid problems and optimize the hydraulic fracturing design.
Shales reservoirs have a high degree of anisotropy due to the presence of natural fractures (NFs) and also the orientation of beddings. Thus, hydraulically induced fractures (HFs) interact with natural fractures and generate a network of fractures with complex geometry. The existence of NFs modifies the stress field in the shale and directly influences the geomechanical behaviour of the HFs during the fracturing operation, generating branches in the dominant fracture and contributing to the complex network of fractures. The construction of a network of fractures increases significantly the conductivity of the formation, as it connects previously isolated fractures and pores, thus increasing the productivity index of the wells and providing greater economic viability in the shale gas/oil reservoir designs. This work presents a sensitivity analysis of the influence of fracturing spacing in the construction of the network of complex fractures generated in shales, aiming to understand how this parameter modifies the volume of stimulated reservoir (SRV) and the distribution of propant in the network of fractures, in order to avoid problems in this step of the design and thus, maintain the economic viability of the network. The literature review includes the main published works on this subject and the unconventional fracture models (UFM) used to model the network of complex fractures. Sensitivity analysis will be performed using the MShale software, which uses a stochastic model of the discrete fracture network (DFN) method and numerically solves the equilibrium equations and pore elasticity for shales in terms of effective stresses, in addition to mass conservation equations, linear momentum and energy with viscous dissipation for stokes creeping flow. For the analysis, the other parameters that influence the construction of the network will be kept constant and only the spacing between fracturing will have variation.
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