In 2004, Los Angeles County confirmed 11 cases of symptomatic West Nile virus (WNV) infections in children younger than 18 years of age. Eight had WNV fever, 2 had meningitis and 1 had encephalitis. Fever, rash, nausea and vomiting were the most prominent symptoms at presentation; median duration of illness was 7 days. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of WNV illness, confirm this diagnosis and report suspected WNV cases to their local health department.
I f you ask the average US citizen to describe the nursing profession, you will likely hear adjectives such as caring, nurturing, empathetic, compassionate, and selfless. However, if you ask a newly graduated nurse in a hospital setting to describe their workplace experience, you will likely hear adjectives such as degrading, mean, aggressive, rude, intimidating, and bully. The phrase "nurses eat their young," coined in 1986 by Judith Meissner, 1 describes how more experienced nurses treat newly graduated nurses or nurses new to the work environment.How can nursing, one of the most respected professions in the United States, have such conflicting descriptions? According to a 2019 Gallup poll, 85% of Americans rate nurses as having high levels of honesty and ethics. 2 In fact, nurses have held the top Gallup poll rating for most trusted profession for the past 18 years. Nonetheless, it is common for newly graduated nurses to experience rude, disruptive, counterproductive, and intimidating behaviors directed toward them by their nurse preceptors or fellow nursing coworkers. These negative interpersonal interactions may even come from nursing faculty and nurse leaders. There are several terms for this type of behavior: workplace bullying, lateral violence, horizontal violence, relational aggression, counterproductive work behavior, horizontal hostility, and workplace incivility, to name a few. Prevalence of the ProblemA statewide survey conducted by Colduvell 3 revealed that 85% of nurses reported being victims of horizontal hostility, typically undermining incidents that occur over time as opposed to 1 isolated conflict in the workplace. The
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