Background and Objectives: Laparoscopic surgery (LS) is the most important diagnostic technique for the detection of causes of infertility; however, this method is accompanied by some setbacks. Given the noninvasive nature and cost-effectiveness of hysterosalpingography (HSG), it is widely used as the first-line approach for the evaluation of the patency of the fallopian tubes and uterine anomalies in female infertility. Herein, we aimed to compare the diagnostic values of HSG with LS in the assessment of patency of the fallopian tubes and peritoneal disease in infertile women. Materials and Methods Results:The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of HSG for the detection of unilateral and bilateral tubal occlusion were 75%, 91.2%, 89.5%, 75%, 97.2%, and 96.6%, respectively. Furthermore, false-positive and false-negative rates of HSG for the detection of unilateral and bilateral tubal occlusion were 8.7% and 25%, respectively. The accuracy of HSG in detecting uterine anomalies and hydrosalpinx were 93.3% and 93.9%, respectively. Peritubal adhesion and TOA were detected in 61% of the cases with normal HSG. In addition, of the nine cases of bilateral tubal occlusion detected by HSG, six cases were confirmed to have bilateral occlusion using laparoscopy. The comparison between HSG and LS techniques showed a significant difference in diagnosis of distal fallopian tube occlusion (P=0.021) and unilateral fallopian tube occlusion (P<0.001) among infertile women. The comparison between HSG and LS techniques demonstrated a significant difference in diagnosis of TOA (P<0.001) and peritubal adhesion (P=0.033). Conclusion:It seems that the findings of HSG regarding occlusion, hydrosalpinx, and uterine anomalies are reliable. However, due to its low sensitivity in detecting peritubal adhesion, performing LS before initiation of treatment in these patients is necessary to rule out adhesion and to confirm tubal patency.
Purpose:The objective of the present study was to investigate the structural relationships between executive function and academic engagement of female students: the mediating role of perception of the educational environment. Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional correlational study. The statistical population of this study included ninth grade female students in Sari during the academic years 2018-2019. The sample size was 280 students who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Academic engagement (Zrang, 2012), executive function (Nejati, 2013) and perception of educational environment (Gentry et al., 2002) questionnaires were used for data collection. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using software SPSS-18 and Amos-23. Findings: The results showed that the structural relationships between executive function and academic engagement of female students: the mediating role of perception of the educational environment had a good fit. In addition, executive function had a direct and significant effect on perception of educational environment and academic engagement. Perception of educational environment had a direct and significant effect on academic engagement and executive function with the mediating role of perception of the educational environment (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the direct and indirect relationships of the present study, the academic engagement of female students can be improved by improving executive function with the mediating role of perception of the educational environment.
Background: Previous studies have reported contradictory results regarding the effectiveness of metformin and myo-inositol on improving reproductive outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two drugs on improving reproductive outcomes of PCOS patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted on 140 infertile women with PCOS who were scheduled to undergo IVF in Yas Hospital, Tehran, Iran in 2020. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, including metformin and combination of myo-inositol and folic acid treatment groups. Reproductive outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: The mean age of the patients was 30.66 ± 5.7 years (30.51 ± 5.88 in metformin treatment group and 30.9 ± 5.53 in myo-inositol group, P = 0.68). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the reproductive outcomes, including pregnancy rate, change in BMI, number and quality of oocytes, number and quality of embryos, follicle number, follicle size, ectopic pregnancy rate, and abortion rate (P > 0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the effect of metformin and myo-inositol on improving reproductive outcomes. Therefore, due to the lack of significant differences in the effectiveness of these two drugs and considering their availability and cost, one of them can be prescribed for the patients.
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