Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is one of Ethiopia’s most economically significant transboundary livestock illnesses. The disease has a significant economic impact on pastoral household livestock owners, who rely significantly on their cattle as a source of income. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken in selected districts of Afar region from November 2018 to May 2019 primarily intended to estimate the prevalence of lumpy skin disease serologically in local Afar cattle as well as identify potential associated factors. A multistage sampling method was employed to select study districts, peasant association, herd size and study units. A total of 384 sera were processed using serum neutralization test (SNT) method to detect antibodies against lumpy skin disease virus. Relevant data were refined and further analyzed using stata version 14. Results In the study districts, the overall animal level seroprevalence was found to be 7.6% (N = 29/384; 95% confidence interval: 4.90–10.20) and the overall herd level prevalence was found to be 20.8% (n = 15/72; 95% confidence interval: 11.42–30.18). Only district was shown to be statistically significant (P = 0.004) in terms of LSD occurrence among the relevant factors studied. Cattle in Chifra district were 20.18 times more likely to contract LSD infection than cattle in Dubti district, when Asayita district was used as the reference group. Conclusion The present study finding confirmed the presence of the disease in the study districts of afar region and coordinated intervention set to be in place.
Background: Escherichia coli is a known normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract frequently used as model for various research trials. Potential gain and loss of virulent genes enable it to become pathogenic and causes calf diarrhea while beneficial ones subsidize vitamin K2. These virulent genes are found on plasmids, genomes or integrated on bacteriophages and horizontal gene transfer plays in its epidemiology. This study was conducted to identify virulence genes informative to four pathogenic strains of E. coli and study their antibiotic resistance patterns to eleven antimicrobials.Results: 100 (81.3%) pure isolates of E. coli were harvested, of which, 23 (29.9%) isolates carried one or more of the tested virulent genes. stx1 (18.2%), stx2 (9.1%), eae (11.7%), hlyA (1.3%) were the detected virulent genes with their respective frequency. However, no isolates were detected for bfpA and aatA genes. Virulent genes were detected in 2-4 weeks aged calves at significantly higher order (P ≤ 0.05). Calves housed with their dam and those given supplement feed were significantly associated with detected genes (P ≤ 0.05). From samples processed using PCR, 14 (18.2%) were confirmed as STEC strain, 5 (6.5%) of EHEC and 4 (5.2%) of EPEC. Most isolates were resistant to sulfonamide, clindamycine, ampicillin, Oxytetracyclne, trimethoprime and streptomycin and sensitive to nitrfurantoin, gentamycin, neomycin, clorampfenicol and ciprofloxacine. Conclusion: Zoonotic STEC and EHEC strains are collectively found highest and implies reservoir of calves to both farm animals and humans. Poor farm hygiene and frequent use of limited antibiotics was a problem observed. As a consequence, farms hygiene as well as spatial and temporal distribution of E. coli should be concerned. Additionally, Antibiotics should alternatively be used to avoid resistance.
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