BackgroundWorld health organization stated that postnatal care is defined as a care given to the mother and her newborn baby immediately after the birth of the placenta and for the first six weeks of life. Majority of maternal and neonatal deaths occur during childbirth and the postpartum period. Scaling up of maternal and newborn health through proper postnatal care services is the best way of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality.MethodA community based cross sectional study was conducted among 588 mothers who gave birth in the last one year from March 1–21; 2017. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data was entered in EPI info version 7 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Logistic regression was applied to identify association between explanatory variables and the outcome variable. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value less than 0.05 was computed to determine the level of significance.ResultA total of 588 participants were included in the analysis which was the response rate of 100%.The prevalence of postnatal care service utilization in this study was 57.5%.Maternal educational status of secondary school and above (AOR = 3.29, 95%CI: 1.94–5.57), family monthly income of above 1500 ETB (AOR = 2.85, 95%CI: 1.21–6.68), alive birth outcome of last pregnancy (AOR = 5.70, 95%CI: 1.53–21.216), planned and supported last pregnancy (AOR = 3.94, 95%CI: 1.72–9.01) and institutional delivery of last pregnancy (AOR = 3.08, 95%CI: 1.24–7.68) were positively associated with PNC service utilization.ConclusionThis study showed that the overall utilization of PNC service in Debretabour town is low. Mothers’ education, monthly income, last pregnancy birth outcome, wantedness of the pregnancy and place of delivery were significantly associated with postnatal care service utilization. To enhance PNC service utilization and reduce maternal and neonatal mortality women should obtain appropriate education. Furthermore all pregnant women should give birth in the health facilities.

Background Episiotomy is the surgical enlargement of the vaginal orifice during the last part of the second stage of labor or childbirth by an incision to the perineum. The World Health Organization advises the use of episiotomy on a restricted and selective basis. Indeed, the rate of episiotomy in developed countries is decreasing, but in developing countries, including Ethiopia, it still remains high. Therefore, this study tried to assess the proportion and factors associated with episiotomy among women who gave birth at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar City, North West Ethiopia, 2017. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 411 mothers from February to April 2017. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and supported by observation using standard checklist with systematic random sampling technique. Data was entered by Epi Info and analyzed by SPSS version 23. The association between variables was analyzed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model. P-value <0.05 at 95% CI was considered to be statistically significant. Results The proportion of episiotomy was 41.1% with 95% CI (36.5%, 46.2%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that primiparity (AOR=6.026, 95% CI (3.542,10.253)), prolonged second stage of labor (AOR=4.612, 95% CI (2.247,9.465)), instrument delivery (AOR =3.933, 95% CI (1.526,10.141)), using oxytocin (AOR=2.608, 95% CI (1.431,4.751)), medical resident attendant (AOR =3.225, 95% CI (1.409,7.382)) and birth weight ≥4000 grams (AOR=5.127,95% Cl (1.106,23.772)) were significantly associated with episiotomy practice. Conclusion The proportion of episiotomy was high. Parity, using oxytocin, second-stage labor duration, instrument delivery, birth weight, and delivery attendant were statistically significant factors for episiotomy practice. Therefore, as per our findings, we suggest awareness creation, and the setting and use of new national guidelines, the practice of routine episiotomy should be abandoned, and selective and restrictive use of episiotomy is highly advised.

Background. Obstetric fistula is abnormal passageway between the vagina and bladder or rectum, and it has the most devastating effects on physical, social, and economic levels and represents a major public health issue of thousands of women, which failed to provide accessible and appropriate intrapartum care for women within a developing country, particularly in Ethiopia. Therefore, we tried to assess the awareness and its associated factors of obstetrics fistula among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care clinics. Methods. A health institutional-based cross-sectional study was employed from March 4 to 29/2019 among 413 pregnant women. Data was collected by a systematic random sampling technique and entered into a computer using Epi data 3.5, edited and analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences 23.0 version. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratio with a confidence interval of 95% and p value of less than 0.05 considered statically significant. Result. This study identified that 39.5% with 95% confidence interval (34.6-44.6%) of pregnant women had good awareness about obstetrics fistula. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that living in urban [AOR=1.98, 95% CI=1.07−3.69], attending formal education [AOR=2.11, 95% CI=1.06−4.12], having history antenatal care [AOR=3.87, 95% CI=1.60−9.68], and childbirth at health institution [AOR=7.10, 95% CI=2.52−2.02] were significantly associated with awareness of obstetrics fistula. Conclusion and recommendation. This study showed that awareness of obstetrics fistula was low. Residency, education, and occupation of the women, having history of antenatal care and childbirth at health institution was significantly associated with awareness of obstetrics fistula. Still, there is a gap on awareness of obstetrics fistula; therefore, it is good to emphasize on providing information on maternal health care issues, particularly about obstetrics fistula.

Background The effect of short birth interval on socio-economic, negative maternal and child health outcomes remains common in developing countries. This study aimed to assess determinants of short birth interval among reproductive age women, who gave birth in health institution for last six-month in South Gondar, Ethiopia 2019. Methods Community-based unmatched case control study design was conducted from February 1 to March 30, 2019. Sample size of 150 was included by simple random sampling technique. The data was collected by semi-structured and pre-tested face to face interviewer-administered questionnaire from selected respondent. The collected data was entered with Epi-Data version 3.1 and analyzed by using SPSS version 23 software. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used to examine the association. Odds ratio, 95% CI and P-value < 0.05 were used to determine the statistical association. Result The mean age of the respondents was 32.42 (SD ± 5.14) and 35.12 (SD ± 5.86) for cases and controls, respectively. Mothers not used contraceptives (AOR = 6.29, 95% CI (1.95, 20.24)), participants who had ≤2 alive children (AOR = 5.57, 95% CI (1.47, 21.13)), mothers who breast fed less than 24 months (AOR = 3.42, 95% CI (1.38, 8.46)), husband decision on contraceptives utilization (AOR = 2.69,95% CI (1.05,6.88)) and mothers who did not have history of antenatal care follow up (AOR = 3.52, 95% CI (1.27, 9.75)) were associated with short birth interval. Conclusion The optimum birth spacing plays a vital role in decreasing fertility and the morbidity and mortality of mothers and children. Thus, providing health information on the benefit of breast feeding, follow-up of antenatal care during pregnancy, use of contraceptives after delivery and encouraging mothers to make decisions about their own health and use of contraceptives to optimize birth spacing for rural communities.

Despite several efforts were made to reveres maternal mortality, it is still a global public health problem. Globally, maternal mortality rate is 216 per 100,000 live births with a large proportion of deaths due to early preventable or treatable pregnancy and childbirth complications, 99% of maternal deaths occur in low-and middleincome countries, in sub-Saharan African countries alone accounting for 66% (Alkema et al., 2016; World Health Organization (WHO) 2016a,2016bWorld Health Organization). Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan African countries with the highest maternal mortality ratio (MMR) which is 412 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (Central Statistical Agency (CSA) [Ethiopia] and ICF, 2016). Antenatal care (ANC) is one of the key strategies designed to minimize such devastating conditions through providing health promotion, prevention, detection and treatment care for pregnancy-related illnesses (World Health Organization (WHO), 2015). Moreover, ANC can reduce both maternal and neonatal mortality by detecting atrisk pregnancy and initiating appropriate medical and educational interventions towards the risk associated (Federal Ministry of Health

Background: - Even though vasectomy is one of the safest, simple and most effective family planning methods available for men, it is one of the least used contraceptive methods in developing world including Ethiopia. The main reason for low level use may be low knowledge about vasectomy among men. This study was therefore designed to assess knowledge of vasectomy and its associated factors among married men in Debre Tabor Town.Methods: - A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 418 married men from December 05 - 25, 2019. Simple random sampling technique was employed. Data was collected by face to face interview using structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Data was entered using Epi- Data version 4.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. The association between variables was analyzed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model. Finally variables having p-value < 0.05 at 95% CI were considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 418 participants were included with response rate of 98.8%. The mean age of participant was 38.06 (SD± 6.873) years. About 60.5% of men had ever heard about vasectomy. Men mentioned health care providers as main source of information. Among those who had ever heard, only 58.8% defined vasectomy correctly. About 25.6% equated vasectomy with castration and about 15.6% described as “it is making the man impotent. In this study, only 38.5% of men were knowledgeable about vasectomy. Multivariable logistic regression showed that completing secondary education (AOR= 4.70, 95% CI: 1.26--17.55), attending college and above (AOR=8.36, 95% CI: 2.41-28.97)), having 4 or more alive children (AOR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.29-0.89) and positive attitude (AOR= 2.47, 95% CI: 1.58-3.86) were significantly associated with knowledge of vasectomy. Conclusions: In this study level of knowledge of married men about vasectomy was low. Educational status, number of children and attitude were statistically significant with men knowledge about vasectomy. Emphasis should be given on improving the educational status of men to improve their knowledge, and positively changing the men upbringing culture right from their childhood which will also improve their attitude towards vasectomy in the future.

Purpose Even though vasectomy is one of the safest, simplest, and most effective family planning methods available for men, it is one of the least used contraceptive methods in the developing world, including Ethiopia. The goal of this study was to assess the level of knowledge towards vasectomy and its associated factors among married men in Debre Tabor Town. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 5–25, 2019. A total of 413 married men participated and selected by simple random sampling. Data was entered using EpiData version 4.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. A bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model was carried out. Finally, variables having a P -value of <0.05 at 95% CI were considered as statistically significant. Results In this study, 38.5% of men had an adequate level of knowledge about vasectomy. Multivariable logistic regression showed that an educational status of secondary education and college and above (AOR=4.70, 95% CI=1.26–17.55; and AOR=8.36, 95% CI=2.41–28.97, respectively), having four or more alive children (AOR=0.51, 95% CI=0.29–0.89), and positive attitude (AOR=2.47, 95% CI=1.58–3.86) were significantly associated with knowledge of vasectomy. Conclusion Knowledge of married men towards vasectomy was relatively low. Educational status, number of children, and attitude were statistically significant with the men’s knowledge about vasectomy. Emphasis should therefore be put on improving the educational status of men and positively changing the male upbringing culture right from their childhood which will also improve their attitude towards vasectomy in the future.

Background Vasectomy is one of the most effective and permanent male contraceptive methods, and involves cutting and ligating the vas deferens to make the semen free of sperm during ejaculation. Although it is effective, simple, and safe, it is not well known and practiced in the majority of our community. This study assessed the intention to use vasectomy and its associated factors among married men in Debre Tabor Town, North West Ethiopia, 2019. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 402 married men from March 05 to April 15, 2019. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. Data was collected by face to face interview using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Questions concerned socio-demographic and reproductive variables and views on vasectomy. The association between variables was analyzed using a bivariable and multivariable logistic regression model. Result A total of 402 participants were included with a response rate of 98.75%. The mean participant age was 37.12(SD ± 6.553) years with the age range of 20-56 years. The prevalence of intention to use vasectomy was 19.6% with 95%CI (15.6%-23.4%). Multivariable logistic regression showed that age from 30-39 years (AOR = 3.2(95% CI: 1.19-8.86)), having more than three living children (AOR = 2.5(95% CI: 1.41-4.68)), good knowledge (AOR = 3.4(95%CI: 1.88-6.40)) and positive attitude (AOR = 4.8(95% CI: 2.61-8.80)) of married men were significantly associated with intention to use vasectomy. Conclusion and recommendation Intention to use vasectomy was comparable with findings in four regions of Ethiopia (Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray). Age, the number of living children, knowledge, and