Background At present, “Belt and Road” (“B&R”) member states (accounting for about 61.78% of the world’s population) face different types of cancer threats to varying degrees. We analyzed the incidence and mortality and risk factors of cancer in the member countries of the “B&R” to explore the basis of health and medical cooperation between countries and provide a foundation for formulating cancer prevention and control policies for building a healthy "B&R." Methods Data were derived from the Global Cancer Observatory and Cancer Country Profiles in 2020. Incidence and mortality were age-standardized rates (ASRs). Population attributable fractions (PAFs) was applied to measure risk factors of cancers in the “B&R” countries. The mortalitytoincidence ratio (MIR) was calculated by dividing the mortality rate by the incidence rate. Results A total of 26 cancers were included in the study. Lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, liver, prostate, cervical, esophageal, thyroid, and uterine cancers were the most common and highest in age-standardized mortality in the “B&R” countries. For men, Hungary had the highest cancer age-standardized incidence and mortality (ASR, 289.3 per 100,000 and ASR, 235.7 per 100,000, respectively), followed by Latvia (ASR, 288.6 per 100,000 and ASR, 196.5 per 100,000, respectively). In females, the highest incidence rates were estimated in Greece (ASR, 238.7 per 100,000), and the highest mortality rate was Brunei (ASR, 192.3 per 100,000). All countries were in the middle or high HDI range, with about half (46.88%) of countries achieving high HDI, mostly in Central and Eastern Europe (13 countries) and West Asia (10 countries). The United Arab Emirates had the highest MIR in male and female (1.59 vs 2.19). Tobacco products, infectious factors, and ultraviolet rays were the three main cancer risk factors in the “B&R” countries. Conclusion The overall burden of cancer in the countries along the “B&R” remains substantial, while the corresponding cancer prevention and control policies need to be improved. Strengthening health cooperation among member countries will contribute to a joint response to the risks and challenges posed by cancer.
Background: We analyze the prevalence and risk factors of cancer in the member states of the “Belt and Road”, to explore the basis of health and medical cooperation between countries, and to provide a foundation for formulating cancer prevention and control policies for building the healthy "Belt and Road". Methods: We apply incidence, mortality, age-standardized rates, and population attributable fractions (PAFs) to measure the prevalence and risk factors of cancers in the “Belt and Road” countries. Results: Lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, liver, prostate, cervical, esophageal, thyroid, and uterine cancers are the most common and highest mortality cancers in the “Belt and Road” countries. For men, the highest cancer incidence and mortality is Hungary (ASR, 289.3 per 100,000 and ASR, 235.7 per 100,000, respectively), followed by Latvia (ASR, 288.6 per 100,000 and ASR, 196.5 per 100,000, respectively), the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia enjoy the lowest (ASR, 34.3 per 100,000 and ASR, 36.1 per 100,000, respectively). The mortality and incidence rates of cancers in Greek and Brunei are highest in females (ASR, 238.7 per 100,000 and ASR, 192.3 per 100,000, respectively). Tobacco products, infectious factors, and ultraviolet rays are the three main cancer risk factors in the “Belt and Road” countries. Conclusion: The overall burden of cancer in the “Belt and Road” member states remains substantial, while the corresponding cancer prevention and control policies need to be improved. Enhancing health cooperation among the member countries will contribute to the joint response to the risks and challenges posed by cancer. (249 words)
Background: This study has shown the incidence of lung cancer in association with exposure to air pollution. We investigated the relationship, focusing on long-term exposure to carbon emissions (CE) and lung cancer incidence rate (LIR) in China.Methods: We collected the incidence rate of lung cancer from 2013 to 2015, and the data of carbon emissions from 1997 to 2015. We modeled the panel data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2013 to 2015 and applied a spatial Durbin model (SDM) to explore the spatial effect of CE on the LIR. Pearson test to determine the long-term impact of CE on LIR.Findings: The results showed that the direct effect coefficient of CE and UR were 0.132 and 0.425, respectively, both significant at a 1% level, which showed that CE and UR had an obvious positive effect on LIR. The value of Moran’s I indicated that there was a positive spatial correlation between the LIR and CE in China from 2013 to 2015, while the indirect effect coefficient of all the variables was nonsignificant at a 10% level, which indicated that CE had not impact on the LIR of its surrounding areas. on the whole, the effect cofficient of CE is 0.005 ,which is significant at a 1% level, which points out that the average effect of a change in CE in a certain region on LIR in all regions. Therefore, the research results indicated that there were geographical differences in carbon emissions but there is no spatial spillover effects. In the time fixed effects, the coefficients of CE were positive at the 10% significance level, which pointed out that CE exposure had a long-term impact on LIR from 2013 to 2015. Besides, the Pearson test implied that CE in the period had the greatest impact on the LIR in 2015 in China, and the lag period was about 17 years.Interpretation: The impact of CE on LIR had geographical distribution differences and long-term effects in China. We recommend that adopting policies to reduce carbon emission will have a positive health impact.
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