This article aims to specify the performance implications of neutral user-generated content (UGC) on product sales by differentiating mixed-neutral UGC, which contains an equal amount of positive and negative claims, from indifferent-neutral UGC, which includes neither positive nor negative claims. The authors propose that positive and negative UGC only provide opportunities for consumers to process product-related information, whereas both mixed- and indifferent-neutral UGC affect consumers’ motivation and ability to process positive and negative UGC. The results of three studies using multiple measures (text and numerical UGC), contexts (automobiles, movies, and tablets), and methods (empirical and behavioral experiment) indicate contrasting premium and discount effects such that mixed-neutral UGC amplifies the effects of positive and negative UGC, whereas indifferent-neutral UGC attenuates them. Empirical evidence further indicates that ignoring mixed- or indifferent-neutral UGC leads to substantial under- or overestimates of the effects of positive and negative UGC. The effects of neutral UGC on product sales thus are not truly neutral, and the direction of the bias depends on both the type of UGC and the distribution of positive and negative UGC.

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Self-healing is a key characteristic and goal of smart grid, which is based on the classification of the operating states of the power system. With views to the differences between the distribution and transmission system in terms of the operation model and structural features, an essential difference can appear in the classification of operating states between these two systems. According to the characteristics of distribution system with distributed generations (DGs), a new method based on hierarchical classification is proposed to classify the operating states of distribution system with DGs. In this method, several important performances reflecting the operating conditions of distribution system are regarded as critical attributes, including external stability, reliability, integrity, and economy. Moreover, different transition paths and control targets in different states are proposed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the classification method, which aim at the safety and reliability of the distribution system operation. Finally, a control strategy based on state classification is presented to support the decision-making for the self-healing distribution system. A case study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the classification method for the operating states of distribution system.

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