Abstract. Kaolin is widely used in ceramic, paper, and pharmaceutical industries. The suitability use of kaolin in industries will depend on its physical and chemical properties. The physical and chemical composition of Kaolii is dependent on its geological origin, geographic source and processing. Processed kaolin available in the market is normally graded by the manufacturer based on its physical and chemical composition. This paper is focused on the size distribution analysis of nine typeslbatches of processed kaolin and one raw kaolin soil by using laser difiaction technique (based on Fraunhofer difftaction theory) in accordance to BS I S 0 13320:2009. The laser difiaction technique is widely used in the powder industries in determining the particle size distribution because of its simplicity and its repeatability. All the specimens were pre-sieved with a sieve of 2mm aperture size. The effective size, uniformity coefficient and coefficient of curvature of the material were also calculated to facilitate the size distribution analysis. The findings of this paper are expected to benefit industries in which size the distribution of the kaolin will directly or indirectly contribute to its suitability use.
The observations and tests under small scale in 1-gravity condition are intended to obtain a comparative behavior of a model and prototype of geotechnical case by imposing the scaling relations. Simulations to represent a related structure, sub-soil and failure mechanism need to be prepared prior to do observations in this modeling. To simulate pile loading test (PLT) on clay, the following models of: clay, pile, driving simulation and procedure of PLT based on ASTM D4410 were set-up. The PLT in reduced scale environment was then followed by performing normal practice of full scale PLT in original clay site. Load settlement curves obtained from both “pile loading test” in small and full scale simulations showed closely good agreement. Further observation and investigation on simulation of pile loading test in clay revealed that modeling the following: clay sub-soil resulted in new properties of clay, em=ep+λLn(N) which reflects stress scaling factor, N, pile size and pile driving hammer need scaling factor n and n3 respectively whereas PLT time needs time scaling factor, tp (n)0.5.
Johore, the southern part of west peninsular Malaysia is found to be rich in peat soil, especially at the Pontian & Batu Pahat district. The physico-chemical properties of the peat soil at the region had been extensively studied by various researches but limited studies were based on the interface layer of peat soil and non organic soil. The behaviour of the interface layer soil is believed to be governed by its organic matter content. Three locations of Batu Pahat, namely Parit Nipah, Parit Sidek & Batu Puteh which are difference in terms of geography setting were chosen in this case study. The main objective of this study is to characterize the geochemistry properties of the organic soil as a guide of its engineering behaviour. The soil specimens were collected using peat auger and undisturbed sampler. The organic contents and types of organic were determined in laboratory based on Loss on Ignition at 440c, carbon content and its molecular functional group. The pH, sulphate content, chloride content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the organic soil were also determined as a guide of its potential stabilization by using chemical stabilizer. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were utilized to determine the bulk chemical composition of the soil and its functional group, respectively. The findings of this study are expected to give a better overview of organic soil which enable designer to have a better understanding when dealing with this kind of material.
Organic soil is always known as problematic soil because of its engineering properties are inferior from other soft soils and/or because its behaviour may deviate from traditional rules of soil behaviour which makes it difficult to predict and design. Considerable research has been carried out over the years on organic soils, particularly peat soil which consists of various components of organic matter but the effect of particular organic matter is less reported. Hence, this study is carried out to determine the effect of humic acid (a kind of humified organic matter) on kaolin (which is widely studied). This paper addresses the influence of humic acid (30% and 50% of dry mass) on kaolins geochemistry properties namely Atterberg limits, compaction, specific gravity and Loss on Ignition (LOI). The findings of the study showed that the contents of humic acid had altered the behaviour of kaolin. The loss on ignition increased linearly with the increment of humic acid. However, the specific gravity, maximum dry density and Atterberg limits decreased with addition of humic acid. Atterberg limits decreased as the humic acid increased is believed to be due to the nature of humic acid which precipitated under acidic environment.
Abstract. Organic content in soil is believed to inhibit formation of reaction products in lime stabilization which resulted in low gain of strength when dealing with organic soils. Zeolite, a kind of pozzolan with high CEC capacity is proposed to be use in this study in order to improve lime stabilization of organic soil. The effectiveness of blended lime zeolite in stabilization of organic soils was investigated by using two types of artificial organic soils with predetermined organic contents. Artificial organic soils were formed by mixing inorganic soil (commercial kaolin) with organic matter (commercial humic acid) at specific ratio. Initial consumption of lime for organic soils was determined in order to determine the minimum percentage of stabilizer required for each soil. Potential influencing factors that might affect the strength such as organic contents, contents of stabilizer, and curing periods were studied. The findings of the study showed that high organic contents and low lime contents resulted in lower gain of strength. However, it is found that slight replacement of lime with zeolite works well with low organic soil at long curing period which resulted in highest strength among all the mixes. Overall, longer curing periods will increase the strength of the soil in the order of 56 days > 28 days > 7 days. Nevertheless, the percentage of strength increment over curing periods is linear with the lime contents, which proved that lime is required for pozzolanic reaction.
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