Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae is considered the most important fungus affecting vanilla crops around the world, causing rot on vanilla roots and stems. Previous studies showed that the ability to infect vanilla plants is a polyphyletic trait among strains of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC). The same studies proposed a single origin for F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae isolates sampled from Mexico, the centre of origin and distribution of vanilla. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis of the monophyletic origin of a wider sample of isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae infecting Mexican vanilla and estimate nucleotide diversity of pathogen isolates from the main vanilla‐producing countries. Sequence data for the TEF1α gene from 106 isolates was assembled. The phylogenetic analyses suggest that some Mexican isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. vanillae belong in two well‐supported clades, mixed with isolates from Madagascar, Indonesia, Réunion and Comoros. The phylogenetic position of other Indonesian and Mexican isolates is unresolved. Estimations of nucleotide diversity showed that the population from Mexico is genetically more diverse than the other three populations from Madagascar, Indonesia and Réunion. The results support a polyphyletic origin of vanilla‐infecting isolates of F. oxysporum worldwide, and also reject the proposition that Mexican isolates have a single origin. The phylogenetic optimizations over the strict consensus tree of the ability to infect vanilla plants suggest that pathogenic strains around the world are the product of multiple shifts of pathogenesis and dispersion events.
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a vascular disease of Citrus caused by three species of the α-proteobacteria “Candidatus Liberibacter”, with “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas) being the most widespread and the one causing significant economic losses in citrus-producing regions worldwide. However, Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) has shown tolerance to the disease. To understand the molecular mechanisms of this tolerance, transcriptomic analysis of HLB was performed using asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 652 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to CLas infection, of which 457 were upregulated and 195 were downregulated. KEGG analysis revealed that after CLas infection, some DEGs were present in the plant–pathogen interaction and in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. DEGs present in the plant–pathogen interaction pathway suggests that tolerance against HLB in Persian lime could be mediated, at least partly, by the ClRSP2 and ClHSP90 genes. Previous reports documented that RSP2 and HSP90 showed low expression in susceptible citrus genotypes. Regarding the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, some genes were identified as being related to the imbalance of starch accumulation. On the other hand, eight biotic stress-related genes were selected for further RT-qPCR analysis to validate our results. RT-qPCR results confirmed that symptomatic HLB leaves had high relative expression levels of the ClPR1, ClNFP, ClDR27, and ClSRK genes, whereas the ClHSL1, ClRPP13, ClPDR1, and ClNAC genes were expressed at lower levels than those from HLB asymptomatic leaves. Taken together, the present transcriptomic analysis contributes to the understanding of the CLas-Persian lime interaction in its natural environment and may set the basis for developing strategies for the integrated management of this important Citrus disease through the identification of blanks for genetic improvement.
<p>Las bacterias causantes del huanglongbing (HLB), <em>Canditatus</em> Liberibacter spp., son bacterias obligadas al floema de los cítricos y a diferentes sistemas del insecto vector,<em> Diaphorina citri</em>, por lo tanto, el enfoque genómico ha sido útil para estudiar sus mecanismos de patogenicidad. Dicho enfoque ha permitido identificar una copia homóloga del gen codificante de la enzima ATP/ADP translocasa, la cual tiene la capacidad de importar ATP y nucleótidos desde el hospedante, causando un parasitismo de energía considerable. Esta enzima se ha relacionado con la actividad endoparasítica de patógenos animales y humanos más que con fitopatógenos. El presente trabajo analizó la relación evolutiva entre la secuencia de aminoácidos de la ATP/ADP translocasa entre diferentes especies de <em>Ca</em>. Liberibacter y grupos como <em>Ricketssia</em> sp. y <em>Chlamydia</em> sp. Análisis filogenéticos muestran que la variación en la secuencia del gen codificante de la enzima está delimitada en clados correspondientes a las especies de <em>Ca</em>. Liberibacter, sugiriendo que la variación en la enzima responde a un proceso coevolutivo con los hospederos. Asimismo, la filogenia muestra que el ancestro común más cercano a <em>Ca</em>. Liberibacter podría ser un endosimbionte no patogénico del género <em>Ca</em>. Midichloria. Análisis de conservación de la secuencia de aminoácidos muestran que existen varias posiciones en la secuencia que podrían estar relacionadas con la variación específica de esta enzima dentro de <em>Ca</em>. Liberibacter. Este trabajo presenta la hipótesis de que el origen evolutivo de la capacidad de parasitismo energético del género <em>Ca</em>. Liberibacter, causantes del HLB, es un endosimbionte no patogénico.</p>
El Huanglongbing (HLB) es una enfermedad considerada como la más destructiva para los cítricos en el mundo, es causada por Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) y diseminada por el vector Diaphorina citri. El HLB ha generado cuantiosas pérdidas económicas en la citricultura mundial. Todas las variedades comerciales de cítricos son susceptibles a esta enfermedad. La naturaleza de CLas como parásito intra celular estricto limitado al floema dificulta el estudio fitopatológico de la enfermedad. Las herramientas “ómicas”, que permiten aplicar análisis comparativos con enfoque masivos, han resultado útiles para describir la interacción entre el agente patogénico y diferentes especies de cítricos, generando conocimiento sobre las bases moleculares de la patogenicidad de CLas y de las respuestas de los hospederos ante la infección. Sin embargo, muchos procesos inmersos en la compleja interacción CLas-cítricos aún no son del todo comprendidos. En la presente revisión se resumen algunos de los principales hallazgos en la última década relacionados con los posibles mecanismos de patogenicidad de CLas a nivel molecular, así como de las respuestas transcripcionales y metabólicas inducidas en cítricos tolerantes o susceptibles, ante la infección. Este conocimiento es necesario para el diseño e implementación de nuevas estrategias para el manejo sustentable de la enfermedad.
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