In the biennium 2013-14, the world produced 1,134.27 million tons of vegetables annually. The production of garlic, onion, potato, tomato and watermelon accounted for 66.5% of the total. Brazil, in 2012, considering 40 vegetables, produced around 23 million tons, in 900.0 thousand hectares. Potatoes, tomatoes (table and processing), onions, watermelons, carrots, sweet potatoes, lettuce and cabbage, the main vegetables in Brazil, accounted for 64.0% of the total. This work presents the evolution of production, commercialization, and availability of garlic, onions, potatoes, tomatoes and watermelons in Brazil and in the world. In Brazil, the work focused on two distinct periods: 1970-1990 {when the Support Program for Production and Commercialization of Horticultural Products (PROHORT) was implemented} and 1990-2012 (the globalization period). In 13 years (1977-1990), PROHORT succeeded in inducing the modernization of production of fruits, vegetables, and poultry products, enabling the sector to compete in the world market, especially after 1990, with the market opening and the establishment of MERCOSUR. In the 22-year period from 1990-2012, despite the initial difculties with the commercial opening and internal economic instabilities, production and availability of garlic, onion, potato, tomato and watermelon continued to evolve in Brazil. The horticultural sector advanced in incorporating technologies and in modernizing, stimulated by the market expansion due to both the population growth (33%) observed in Brazil in this period and real gains in Brazilians’ income owed to inflation control. In the world scenario, the work discusses the same aspects for these fve vegetables in the period 2001-2013. The analysis of the initial and fnal triennia of this period showed vegetable production increasing 30.3% in the world and 24.4% in Brazil. In both contexts, gains in yield were the main driver of expansion of production, and yield increase came mainly from the use of improved cultivars, especially hybrids.
The article shows that the early 1970s in Brazil saw administrative reforms and an organization of research, extension and services in the vegetable production sector that fostered the development of the industrial and fresh tomato supply chains in Brazil. From 1967 to 2015, industrial tomato production, introduced in the southeastern state of São Paulo, expanded in Brazil’s Northeast region in the 1980s and in the western-central state of Goiás state in the 1990s, which gained hegemony in this chain. During this period, Brazil’s average yield of industrial tomatoes exceeded the values recorded for fresh tomatoes. In the biennium 2014-15 global tomato production was 41 million tonnes, 23.6% lower than in the previous biennium, with Brazil having a production of 1.40 million tons in this year. Between the five first and last years of the 1990-2013 period, whereas Brazil’s tomato cultivation area increased by 7.0%, production increased by 93.0% led by a productivity increase from 37 t / ha to 76 t / ha. Thus, whereas productivity contributed to 97.0% of production expansion, the area contributed with 3.0%. In the biennium 2014-15, Brazil’s total tomato production was 4.00 million tonnes, 63.0% for fresh produce, and 37.0% for processed tomatoes. Over the 1990-2012 period, the cultivation area of table tomato expanded by 19.0%, while productivity increased by 40.0% and production by 67.6%, between the initial and last five-year periods. Hence, area contribution to product expansion was 28.4%, while that of was productivity 71.6%.
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