Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a disease that compromises the motor system and the functional abilities of the person in an irreversible way, causing the progressive loss of the ability to communicate. Tools based on Augmentative and Alternative Communication are essential for promoting autonomy and improving communication, life quality, and survival. This Systematic Literature Review aimed to provide evidence on eye-image-based Human–Computer Interaction approaches for the Augmentative and Alternative Communication of people with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The Systematic Literature Review was conducted and guided following a protocol consisting of search questions, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and quality assessment, to select primary studies published between 2010 and 2021 in six repositories: Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and PubMed. After the screening, 25 primary studies were evaluated. These studies showcased four low-cost, non-invasive Human–Computer Interaction strategies employed for Augmentative and Alternative Communication in people with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The strategies included Eye-Gaze, which featured in 36% of the studies; Eye-Blink and Eye-Tracking, each accounting for 28% of the approaches; and the Hybrid strategy, employed in 8% of the studies. For these approaches, several computational techniques were identified. For a better understanding, a workflow containing the development phases and the respective methods used by each strategy was generated. The results indicate the possibility and feasibility of developing Human–Computer Interaction resources based on eye images for Augmentative and Alternative Communication in a control group. The absence of experimental testing in people with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis reiterates the challenges related to the scalability, efficiency, and usability of these technologies for people with the disease. Although challenges still exist, the findings represent important advances in the fields of health sciences and technology, promoting a promising future with possibilities for better life quality.
Resumo: O ensaio busca expor referenciais teóricos com o intuito de realizar uma pesquisa na área de História do Pensamento Geográfico. Tal pesquisa visa tencionar as fronteiras existentes entre a Arte e Ciência. Para isso, pretende dialogar a Geografia com a Literatura, partindo do pressuposto de que existe um pensamento geográfico na obra de Lima Barreto -tendo como texto âncora o romance Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma. Em nossa avaliação, o diálogo entre a Arte e a Ciência possui um lugar central no atual cenário intelectual, onde as fronteiras das ciências estão em cheque e as interdisciplinaridades se multiplicam. Dessa forma, nosso trabalho também pretende demonstrar como a ficção pode se tornar uma valiosa fonte para a realização de pesquisas no campo das ciências sociais no geral e da Geografia em particular.Palavras-chave: geografia ; literatura ; pensamento geográfico ; política ; linguagem
No diálogo com a poesia concreta, os poemas propõem uma relação entre espaço e corpo.
Este texto é parte de uma pesquisa de doutoramento que atinge a forma de artigo. É nossa preocupação não comprometer a investigação de origem e a perspectiva metodológica alcançada. Nestes termos, destacamos que o objetivo geral consiste em conhecer o campo de pesquisa que tem se dedicado a elaborar trabalhos sobre geografia e literatura no Brasil, uma vez que esse campo vem crescendo e dialogando com diferentes perspectivas teóricas, tais como a fenomenologia e a teoria literária. Nestes termos, o “caminho” encontrado para trabalhar com os dados obtidos nos periódicos e o seu tratamento qualitativo e quantitativo expressa escolhas concernentes ao objetivo da pesquisa e à intenção do autor. Desta forma, vale dizer que outros autores com os mesmos dados podem chegar a resultados diferentes, sem nenhum desmerecimento de suas escolhas e resultados. Enfatizamos que a “imagem” criada a partir do levantamento bibliográfico pode interessar a pesquisadores de vários campos disciplinares, que podem alterá-la segundo seus próprios “caminhos” de pesquisa.
This very project discourses about the relation between Geography and Literature in Lima Barreto's The Sad End of Policarpo Quaresma. It deals with the possibility of realizing a geographical reading of individuals, social groups and society itself by using Literature as a source, however, there is no necessity of identifying geographical contents to ascertain reality. The possibility of establishing a link with Literature was adopted as metdhodological principle and, under this perspective, attribute to the source the status of subject.Therefore, the typical behaviour of taking Literature as Resource Source was relativized in this study. Firstly, a data collection and a quality analysis of Geography and Literature production in Brazil is proposed with the objective of placing the piece of work in the Comtemporary Scenario. From that point on, a thematic snippet that involves the Empire (Romanticism), the First Republic(evolucionism, positivism and determinism) and the identification of Brazilian intellectuals who worked with the categories of nature and earth is presented. The time frame embodies specificity from Lima Barreto positioning on issues that gained prominence during the First Brazilian Republic, including, football, feminism. To perform the literary text analysis, the most plastic definition of backcountry was used, not coinciding with fixed features, such as the presence of the savanna, drought and the backcountry. In the same movement, the categories of backcountry and suburbs were approached and, in addition, it is refrained to the themes of the narrative that have a geographical aspect: the intellectuals, the "popular culture," the suburban middle class, madness, politics, the agrarian matter and racism.
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