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Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are undergoing a remarkably rapid geographic expansion in various ecosystems, including pristine environments such as Antarctica. The study of ARGs and environmental resistance genes (ERGs) mechanisms could provide a better understanding of their origin, evolution, and dissemination in these pristine environments. Here, we describe the diversity of ARGs and ERGs and the importance of mobile genetic elements as a possible mechanism for the dissemination of resistance genes in Antarctica. We analyzed five soil metagenomes from Deception Island in Antarctica. Results showed that detected ARGs are associated with mechanisms such as antibiotic efflux, antibiotic inactivation, and target alteration. On the other hand, resistance to metals, surfactants, and aromatic hydrocarbons were the dominant ERGs. The taxonomy of ARGs showed that Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, and Staphylococcus could be key taxa for studying antibiotic resistance and environmental resistance to stress in Deception Island. In addition, results showed that ARGs are mainly associated with phage-type mobile elements suggesting a potential role in their dissemination and prevalence. Finally, these results provide valuable information regarding the ARGs and ERGs in Deception Island including the potential contribution of mobile genetic elements to the spread of ARGs and ERGs in one of the least studied Antarctic ecosystems to date.

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Purpose: Removable Prosthodontic, Dental School, University of Concepción, with support of two suppliers of implants, from 2006 began a pilot undergraduate curriculum modification for teaching implantology and prosthetic rehabilitation making mandibular overdentures retained to two implants. This study describes the entire process of curricular modification.Methods: 422 edentulous patients were rehabilitated with complete dentures for 422 year undergraduate students of the 4 years undergraduate 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011 University. Of the 422 patients, 97 patients with atrophic edges were selected to install Branemark implants (2007,2008 and 2009) and Zimmer implants (2010 and 2011) subsequently connected to mandibular overdentures. To ensure that all undergraduate students had the same experience, each course was organized annually in groups of four students, who participated in installation of implants and overdenture connection, tutored by faculties guide. Students and faculties guide were previously trained by specialists from the School in osseointegration and Prosthetic Rehabilitation on implants. In selected patients, prosthesis retention and the therapeutic satisfaction with them, was evaluated before and after installing the implants; connection to overdentures were made by students in Removable Prosthodontic. Opinion Survey was applied to students about this curricular experience. Results:The results of measurements Prosthesis Retention and Satisfaction Therapeutics in patients, and the opinion of students, revealed statistically significant changes. Conclusion:This results indicated the desirability of continuing the experience because it had a positive impact on the physical, mental and social well-being of selected patients, and attitude of students.