Polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer can be used to treat vesicoureteral reflux with comparable efficacy to other substances currently used, with a low rate of complications.

-Context -Anal cancer, although a still rare disease, is being observed in ascending rates among some population segments known to be at risk for the development of the disease. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, immunodepression and anal intercourse are some factors associated with the development of the malignancy. Its similarities to cervical cancer have led to many studies aiming to establish guidelines for detecting and treating precursor lesions of anal cancer, with the goal of prevention. Highresolution anoscopy is routinely used for the diagnosis of anal cancer precursor lesions in many centers but the medical literature is still deficient concerning the role of this diagnostic modality. Objectives -To evaluate diagnostic validation and precision measures of high-resolution anoscopy in comparison to histopathological results of anal biopsies performed in HIV-positive patients treated at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas, AM, Brazil. To observe any possible association between some risk factors for the development of anal cancer and the presence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. Methods -A hundred and twenty-eight HIV-positive patients were submitted to anal canal cytological sampling for the detection of HPV infection by a PCR based method. High-resolution anoscopy was then performed after topical application of acetic acid 3% in the anal canal for 2 minutes. Eventual acetowhite lesions that were detected were recorded in respect to location, and classified by their tinctorial pattern, distribution aspect, relief, surface and vascular pattern. Biopsies of acetowhite lesions were performed under local anesthesia and the specimens sent to histopathological analysis. The patients were interviewed for the presence of anal cancer risk factors. Results -The prevalences of anal HPV infection and of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in the studied population were, respectively, 79% and 39.1%. High-resolution anoscopy showed sensibility of 90%, specificity of 19.23%, positive predictive value of 41.67%, negative predictive value of 75%, and a kappa coefficient of 0.076. From the analyzed lesions, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions was more frequently observed in association to dense (68%), flat (61%), smooth (61%), non-papillary (83%) and normal vascular pattern (70%) acetowhite lesions, while low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions tended to be associated to dense (66%), flat-raised or raised (68%), granular (59%), non-papillary (62%) and normal vascular pattern (53%) acetowhite lesions. No statistical significance was observed as to the association of epidemiological characteristics and of most of the investigated anal cancer risk factors and presence of acetowhite lesions or anal squamous intraepithelial lesions. However, anal receptive sex and anal HPV infection were significantly associated to anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (P = 0.0493 and P = 0.006, respectively). Conclusion -High-resolution anoscopy demonstrated to be a sensitive, but not specific test ...

BACKGROUND:Protein p16INK4a immunocytochemistry (ICCp16) has the potential to reveal lesions at risk of progression to anal cancer. This study examined measures of diagnostic validity of ICCp16 in HIV‐positive patients treated at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas in the coloproctology outpatient clinic.METHODS:One hundred ninety HIV‐positive patients were consecutively enrolled in 2007 and 2008. All patients underwent anal cytologic sampling to perform ICCp16 in conventional and GluCyte (Synermed International, Westfield, Indiana and S¸ao Paulo, Brazil) smears and also for genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV). Patients were then subjected to anal biopsies monitored by high‐resolution anoscopy. Hematoxylin‐eosin and immunoperoxidase p16 (clone 6H12) stains were performed in slides with biopsied and cytological specimens, respectively. HPV genotyping on anal scrapings was performed by a polymerase‐chain reaction (PCR)‐based method. The immunochemical findings were compared with histopathological and PCR results in contingency tables and analyzed by nonparametric tests. Measures of diagnostic validity of ICCp16 were calculated. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ .5.RESULTS:There was no statistically significant association between the immunochemical results (conventional or GluCyte smears) and histopathological or HPV genotyping findings (P > .05). In the best scenario, ICCp16 presented 31% sensitivity and 81% specificity for the diagnosis of anal squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASIL) and 30% and 66%, respectively, for the diagnosis of infection with high‐risk HPV.CONCLUSIONS:There was no association between ICCp16 results and histopathological findings nor between ICCp16 and HPV genotyping. ICCp16 showed poor sensitivity and moderate specificity for the diagnosis of ASIL or high‐risk HPV. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.

Purpose:To test the hypothesis that needlescopic cholecystectomies (NC) offer superior outcomes in comparison to common laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LC). Methods: Sixty consecutive patients with gallbladder disease undergoing either LC or NC were evaluated with respect to differences in operative time, frequency of per-operative incidents, post-operative pain, late postoperative symptoms, length of scars and level of postoperative satisfaction. Results: Mean operative time was similar in both groups. Most of the patients, irrespective of the technique, informed mild postoperative pain. NC patients had lower levels of pain on the 7 th postoperative day (PO7) (p<0.01) and decreased need for additional analgesia. Less frequency of epigastric wound pain was observed in NC patients until PO4 (p<0.01). Aesthetic result was far superior after NC (total length of scars less than half after LC). No differences regarding postoperative satisfaction with the operation were observed between the studied groups. Conclusions: Both techniques were safe and effective, presenting similar operative times and low levels of postoperative pain. Downsizing the ports to 2-3 mm was associated with significantly less frequency of postoperative pain only in the epigastric wound until PO4. Aesthetic outcome of NC was significantly superior to LC, although this advantage did not influence patient level of satisfaction Key words: Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic. Pain Postoperative. RESUMOObjetivo: Testar a hipótese de que colecistectomias agulhascópicas oferecem resultados superiores aos da colecistectomia laparoscópica usual (CL). Métodos: Sessenta pacientes consecutivos com colecistopatia submetidos à CA ou CV foram avaliados quanto ao tempo operatório, freqüência de acidentes peroperatórios, dor pós-operatória, sintomas pós-operatórios tardios, comprimento das cicatrizes e grau de satisfação. Resultados: O tempo operatório médio foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. A maioria dos pacientes, independentemente da técnica, relataram dor pós-operatória leve. Aqueles operados por CA tiveram menores níveis de dor no 7º dia de pós-operatório (PO7) (p<0.01) e menor necessidade de analgesia adicional. Menor freqüência de dor epigástrica foi observada no grupo CA até o PO4 (p<0.01). O resultado estético foi amplamente superior após CA (comprimento total das cicatrizes menor que a metade após CL). Não houve diferença quanto ao grau de satisfação entre os grupos. Conclusões: As duas técnicas foram seguras e eficazes, apresentando tempos operatórios semelhantes e baixos níveis de dor pós-operatória. A redução dos portais para 2-3 mm associou-se a menor freqüência de dor pós-operatória apenas na incisão epigástrica até o PO4. O resultado estético da agulhascopia foi significantemente superior ao da laparoscopia, apesar desta vantagem não ter influenciado o grau de satisfação dos doentes. Descritores: Colecistectomia Laparoscópica. Dor Pós-Operatória.

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Purpose:To investigate the prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASIL) or anal cancer in patients attended at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas. Methods: 344 patients consecutively attended at the institution, in 2007/2008, were distributed in the following strata according to presence/abscense of at risk conditions for anal cancer: Group 1 -HIV-positive men-who-have-sex-with-men (101); Group 2 -HIV-positive females (49); Group 3 -patients without any at risk condition for anal cancer (53); Group 4 -HIV-positive heterosexual men (38); Group 5 -HIV-negative patients, without anoreceptive sexual habits, but with other at risk conditions for anal cancer (45); Group 6 -HIV-negative men-who-have-sex-with-men (26); and Group 7 -HIVnegative anoreceptive females (32). The histopathological results of biopsies guided by high-resolution anoscopy were analyzed by frequentist and bayesian statistics in order to calculate the point-prevalence of ASIL/cancer and observe any eventual preponderance of one group over the other. Results: The point-prevalence of ASIL for all the patients studied was 93/344 (27%), the difference between HIV-positive and negative patients being statistically significant (38.3% versus 13.5%; p < 0.0001). The prevalence of ASIL for each one of the groups studied was: Group 1 = 49.5%, Group 2 = 28.6%, Group 3 = 3.8%, Group 4 = 21.1%, Group 5 = 11.1%, Group 6 = 30.8% and Group 7 = 18.8%. Standard residual analysis demonstrated that ASIL was significantly prevalent in patients of Group 1 and high-grade ASIL in patients of Group 2. The odds for ASIL of Group 1 was significantly higher in comparison to Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 (p < 0.03). The odds for ASIL of Groups 2, 4 and 6 were significantly higher in comparison to Group 3 (p < 0.03). Conclusions: In the patients studied, ASIL (low and/or high-grade) tended to be significantly more prevalent in HIV-positive patients. Nonetheless, HIV-negative anoreceptive patients also presented great probability to have anal cancer precursor lesions, mainly those of the male gender. Key words: Anal Canal. Anus Neoplasms. Epidemiology. HIV. Anal cancer precursor lesions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients seen at a tertiary health institution in BrazilActa Cirúrgica Brasileira -Vol. 26 (1) (101); Grupo 2 -mulheres HIV-positivas (49); Grupo 3 -pacientes sem condição de risco para o câncer anal (53); Grupo 4 -homens heterossexuais HIV-positivos (38); Grupo 5 -pacientes HIV-negativos, sem hábitos sexuais anorreceptivos, mas com outras condições de risco para o câncer anal (45); Grupo 6 -homens-que-fazem-sexo-com-homens HIV-negativos (26); e Grupo 7 -mulheres HIV-negativas, com hábitos sexuais anorreceptivos (32). Os resultados histopatológicos das biópsias anais dirigidas pela colposcopia anal foram analisados por meio de estatística frequentista e bayesiana para a determinação da prevalência-ponto de ASIL/câncer e verificar eventual preponderância estatística de um grupo sobre o outro. Resultados: A prevalência-ponto de ASIL para t...

With a prevalence of 23.81% of subclinical ASIL-ACU lesions, the studied renal graft recipients had all these lesions detected by high-resolution anoscopy, notwithstanding most anal transition zone acetowhitened biopsied areas did not reveal histopathological aspects of anal cancer precursor lesions or condyloma acuminatum. Therefore, greater experience with the diagnostic tool was felt necessary to enhance its positive predictive value, specificity and diagnostic precision.

RESUMO: O câncer anal representa aproximadamente 2% dos cânceres colorretais. Nos últimos anos observa-se o aumento da incidência nos indivíduos HIV positivos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de lesões intra-epiteliais escamosas anais (ASIL) em pacientes HIV+ procedentes de Manaus. Foram estudados 45 doentes HIV+ encontrando-se no exame histopatológico, os seguintes resultados: 15(35,7%) lesões de baixo grau, 3(7,1%) lesões de alto grau e 24(57,2%) negativos para ASIL. Houve, portanto, alta prevalência de ASIL, 42,8%. Concluímos que a prevalência de ASIL entre os pacientes HIV positivos, da amostra estudada, é muito importante, justificando-se a implantação de um programa de acompanhamento e detecção precoce, destas lesões; pois os pacientes HIV+ representam um importante grupo de risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer anal.