This paper examines the contributions that generativity in older age may make to the concept of successful ageing. To this end, two perspectives on successful ageing are described: successful ageing as a set of clinical criteria, and successful ageing as the application of adaptive processes aimed at achieving efficient functioning. After showing the limitations of the first perspective, particularly from a developmental point of view, the paper argues that the adaptive version of successful ageing helps to put ageing into a developmental frame, but needs to be complemented by identifying specific content and goals that guide these adaptive processes and establish new feasible gains for older people. Generativity in older age could play that role and provides a conceptual framework that enriches the concept of successful ageing, both by emphasising the social context in which people age and by highlighting a personal growth component.KEY WORDS -successful ageing, development, generativity in older age, life-span theories.Studies of old age have tended to focus on the losses that accompany the ageing process and on examining the extent to which such problems threaten older people's health and wellbeing, or the sustainability of the communities they belong to. However, despite the relevance of and need for such studies, recent decades have seen social scientific research take an alternative and more optimistic view on ageing. This new approach seeks to study how older people are able to avoid or overcome certain losses, to maintain important aspects of their life, or even to build new competences and achieve new gains until a very advanced age. This optimistic perspective on ageing aims to identify the factors that help people 'age well' and which enable increasing numbers to enjoy a healthy ageing over a greater number of years, not only in terms of the absence of severe illness and disability but also from a psychological and social point of view. Thus, far from the

A substantial number of residents were unable to identify or mention barriers to sexual expression. Generational factors and group pressure could affect residents' attitudes towards sexuality.

Social exclusion is complex and dynamic, and it leads to the non-realization of social, economic, political or cultural rights or participation within a society. This critical review takes stock of the literature on exclusion of social relations. Social relations are defined as comprising social resources, social connections and social networks. An evidence review group undertook a critical review which integrates, interprets and synthesizes information across studies to develop a conceptual model of exclusion from social relations. The resulting model is a subjective interpretation of the literature and is intended to be the starting point for further evaluations. The conceptual model identifies individual risks for exclusion from social relations (personal attributes, biological and neurological risk, retirement, socio-economic status, exclusion from material resources and migration). It incorporates the evaluation of social relations, and the influence of psychosocial resources and socioemotional processes, sociocultural, social-structural, environmental and policy contextual influences on exclusion from social relations. It includes distal outcomes of exclusion from social relations, that is, individual well-being, health and functioning, social opportunities and social cohesion. The dynamic relationships between elements of the model are also reported. We conclude that the model provides a subjective interpretation of the data and an excellent starting point for further phases of conceptual development and systematic evaluation(s). Future research needs to consider the use of sophisticated analytical tools and an interdisciplinary approach in order to understand the underlying biological and ecopsychosocial associations that contribute to individual and dynamic differences in the experience of exclusion from social relations.

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Resumen: El objetivo de la investigación fue la adaptación al español de las escalas de interés y comportamientos generativos de McAdams, así como el estudio de la generatividad en la vejez y su relación con el bienestar. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 165 voluntarios mayores de 65 años que, además de las versiones españolas de las escalas de generatividad, completaron instrumentos para evaluar satisfacción con la vida y orientación al futuro. Los resultados indicaron que la fiabilidad de las versiones españolas de las escalas de generatividad fue aceptable y similar a las originales en inglés. Mientras el interés generativo se relacionó con la satisfacción con la vida, los comportamientos generativos no lo hicieron. Sin embargo, ambas escalas sí se relacionaron con la orientación al futuro, aunque esta relación no se confirmó en un análisis multivariable. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de la generatividad en la vejez y de distinguir entre interés y acción generativa, ya que sus beneficios podrían ser muy diferentes. Palabras clave: Generatividad en la vejez; bienestar hedónico; bienestar eudaimónico; envejecimiento con éxito.Title: Generativity in older age and its relationship with well-being: Who contributes most is who benefits most? Abstract: The study was aimed both at adapting the McAdams's generative concern and generative behavior scales into Spanish and at studying generativity in older age and its relationship with well-being. The sample was made up of 165 volunteers aged 65 and over. As well as the Spanish version of the generativity scales, they completed a satisfaction with life scale and an orientation to future scales. Results showed that the Spanish generativity scales had an acceptable level of reliability, similar to the original English versions. Whereas generate concern was related to satisfaction with life, generative behaviors did not. However, both scales were related to orientation to future, although such relationships did not appear in a multivariate analysis. Results emphasize the importance both of generativity in older age and of differentiating generative concern and behaviors, since their benefits could be different.

The study explores the meaning that grandmothers who offer regular childcare attach to that experience and the extent to which the notion of generativity might explain the meaning of the experience of caring for a grandchild. Twenty-four Spanish grandmothers aged 60 and over who provided at least 12 hours a week of childcare were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and qualitatively analyzed. The results suggest that grandmothers regard their childcare input as being part of their parental duty of helping in times of need. A range of consequences of caregiving were mentioned, generally positive and satisfactory. Our participants apparently began their caregiving task as an expression of parental generativity, although rewards associated with childcare are linked to grandparental generativity.

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The interpretation of the first situation is compatible with an extreme cautionary stance, whereas the second scenario is less clearly perceived as an example of abuse.