Background: S. Typhi "H58/4.3.1", a single dominant MDRlineage has emerged and spread throughout Asia and Africa over the last 30 years. A large global study speculated South Asia might be the site of original emergence of 4.3.1. Through an ongoing national-wide network of Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India (SEFI), we aim to study the genomic signatures of S. Typhi across different settings. We undertook this study to determine the genotypes of S. Typhi isolated from community (Tier-1) and Hospital (Tier-3) settings in a Southern India region.Methods and materials: A total of 193 and 200 S. Typhi isolated from Tier 1 (Jan-2017 to Sep-2019) and Tier 3 (Nov-2017 to Sep-2019) as part of the network was included. Susceptibility testing was done for most common antimicrobials. At present, whole genome sequencing was done for 30 strains each from Tier-1 and 3. SNP and comparative genomic analysis of Tier 1 and 3 was done to infer difference in the genomic signatures. Geospatial mapping was generated for Tier 1 strains for cluster analysis to infer transmission-dynamic events.Results: Susceptibility rates to first-line agents were highest among community strains with no MDR, whereas 8 MDR strains were isolated from hospital cases. Ciprofloxacin resistance was seen in 5% (9/193) of community isolates compared to the high rates 32% (63/200) among hospital isolates. Notably, genomic analysis showed the dominance of a single H8-lineage 4.3.1.2 (30/30) in community isolates. However, hospital isolates had broader distribution such as 4.3.1.2 (18), 4.3.1.1 (7), 4.3.1.3 (1) and 2.2 and 3.3 respectively. Within the community collection, two sub groups with respect to QRDR profile with S83Y (SG-I) and S83F (SG-II) were found. Interestingly, all SG-II (17/30) appeared to be a single strain with no SNPs differences, being circulated in a defined community setting over 3 months. Conclusion:The baseline data generated here provides multiple insights in terms of a single clade 4.3.1.2 dominating in a community setting, while diverse genotypes seen among typhoid cases attending a tertiary care hospital. However, phylo-geographical analysis of all the isolates would provide a clear picture of the ongoing transmission dynamics between two settings.

Objective: This study was conducted to isolate bacteriophages from soil sample, retail food, and wastewater from fish and then the bacteriophages will be characterized for their activity against several food spoilage bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Shewanella putrefaciens and will be further investigated for application as food preservation.Results: Total of four bacteriophages were isolated with B. cereus, B. subtilis, and S. putrefaciens as host bacteria. Bacteriophage titers observed around 109 PFU mL-1. Bacteriophages that isolated with B. cereus and B.subtilis as host bacteria tend to have high EOP with the same species bacteria. All the Bacillus phages (S1-BC, S2-BC, and S1-BS) can reduce the Bacillus species bacteria concentration for more than 90%. Refers to their activity, the isolated bacteriophages in this study have a great potential as biocontrol against several food spoilage bacteria.

Anthocyanins are well known have potential as a prebiotic source as they could increase the growth of probiotic bacteria and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. This study was conducted to obtain the prebiotic activity from Indonesian black soybean anthocyanin. Black soybean anthocyanin was extracted with 80% methanol + 1 M HCl solution under room temperature using a water bath shaker. In vitro prebiotic activity assay of anthocyanin extract was done using the spread plate technique to measure the growth of probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. Lactobacillus acidophilus was used as the probiotic bacteria, while Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were used as the pathogenic bacteria. The whole soybean flour and extract residue were used to compare with the prebiotic activity of the extract. The total monomeric anthocyanin content of the extract was 0.33 mg/g. The highest prebiotic activity was obtained from anthocyanin extract, followed by the whole black soybean flour and anthocyanin extract residue, respectively. The prebiotic activity of the extract was higher compare with prebiotic activity standard (>0.25). It could be concluded that Indonesian black soybean anthocyanin can be used as the source of prebiotic food.