Housing, Foreclosures, Multi-objective programming, Urban affairs, Affordable housing,

Nonprofit organizations are a vital part of the U.S. social safety net providing a wide range of services in the modern welfare state. While many individuals and families turn to nonprofits for help during economically challenging times, these organizations themselves often face turbulent funding environments and uncertain financial futures. Nonprofit stakeholders urge within-sector collaborations (with other nonprofits) and cross-sector collaborations (with for-profit firms and government agencies) as a means to achieve efficiencies in service delivery, stretch donation dollars, and increase the long-term fiscal sustainability of the nonprofit sector. While increased financial stability is a presumed outcome of nonprofit collaborations, we know little about the antecedent effect of nonprofit financial vulnerability on collaboration. Using data from a survey of nonprofit executive directors in Boston, Massachusetts, this paper examines how nonprofit financial vulnerability influences nonprofit collaborations. We find that nonprofit financial vulnerability decreases the likelihood of both within-and cross-sector collaborations. Resource dependence on private funding increases within-sector collaboration with other nonprofits, while reliance on government funding increases the likelihood of cross-sector collaboration. Cross-sector board linkages also increase the likelihood of collaborations. Nonprofit stakeholders should consider these findings when promoting collaboration as a path to nonprofit fiscal sustainability.

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WHAT IS CSE?Computational science and engineering (CSE) is a multifaceted field; it is not just the study of computational aspects of science and engineering disciplines but also the "science" of scientific computing. Therefore, this field concerns the whole computational process. It seeks to advance science and engineering disciplines through better understanding of advanced computers and computational methods, as well as advancing the state of the art in computer architecture, system software, and algorithm design through better understanding of science and engineering applications. Thus the slight ambiguity in the name is actually useful. In essence, CSE is that interdisciplinary field that represents the intersection of three domains: applied mathematics, computer science, and science and engineering disciplines. Think of CSE as a pyramid with a square base in which the five nodes represent the whole computational process. The driving science and engineering applications at the apex, and the four nodes of the base represent the components of the enabling technology: geometric, numerical, and symbolic algorithms; system software; computer architecture; and performance evaluation and analysis.A few examples of some of the driving science and engineering applications are outlined in the following. They range from computational biotechnology to computational structures technology. A surprising application from another area that nevertheless has much in common with those in science and engineering, namely, computational methods in finance, is added to the following list. Six applications are described briefly. Almost all of these are quotations representing the overview of actual articles published in IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, a magazine whose main purpose is to help define this interdisciplinary field.Several web sites provide information regarding research and educational activities in this field; see, for example: -Problem Solving Environments: