Foxtail millet (FM) [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] is a grain and forage crop well adapted to nutrient-poor soils. To date little is known how FM adapts to low nitrogen (LN) at the morphological, physiological, and molecular levels. Using the FM variety Yugu1, we found that LN led to lower chlorophyll contents and N concentrations, and higher root/shoot and C/N ratios and N utilization efficiencies under hydroponic culture. Importantly, enhanced biomass accumulation in the root under LN was in contrast to a smaller root system, as indicated by significant decreases in total root length; crown root number and length; and lateral root number, length, and density. Enhanced carbon allocation toward the root was rather for significant increases in average diameter of the LN root, potentially favorable for wider xylem vessels or other anatomical alterations facilitating nutrient transport. Lower levels of IAA and CKs were consistent with a smaller root system and higher levels of GA may promote root thickening under LN. Further, up-regulation of SiNRT1.1, SiNRT2.1, and SiNAR2.1 expression and nitrate influx in the root and that of SiNRT1.11 and SiNRT1.12 expression in the shoot probably favored nitrate uptake and remobilization as a whole. Lastly, more soluble proteins accumulated in the N-deficient root likely as a result of increases of N utilization efficiencies. Such “excessive” protein-N was possibly available for shoot delivery. Thus, FM may preferentially transport carbon toward the root facilitating root thickening/nutrient transport and allocate N toward the shoot maximizing photosynthesis/carbon fixation as a primary adaptive strategy to N limitation.

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Depression is a serious mental disorder that influence about 280 million people around the world. The risk factors that may cause depression include both genetic and environmental factors. Researchers have been long searching for treatments to depression. Patients with symptoms of depression are always treated by both psychic interventions and medical treatments. Although the underlying pathophysiology of depression is remained unclear, neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, are proved to be related to the symptoms of depression by clinical experiments. The first two antidepressants were iproniazid (classified as a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor), and imipramine (classified as a tricyclic antidepressant) in 1950s. More antidepressants using different mechanisms and with fewer side-effect and safety concerns were developed later. People divided those antidepressants into three categories by the order of development: 1) first-generation antidepressants, 2) second-generation antidepressants, and 3) third-generation antidepressants. Due to immature technology, drugs in the first-generation generally have more serious side-effect, more safety concerns, and more restrictions. Thus, second-generation antidepressants, which typically have less side-effect, are now more common in controlling the symptoms of depression. The third-generation antidepressants are still in development, but designed to be more effective with less side-effect. The paper reviews the medical treatments of depression in the order of these three generations.