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The effects of water addition and noodle thickness on the surface tackiness of frozen cooked noodles (FCNs) were investigated. The results showed that the FCNs with water addition of 34% had high disulfide group content and small ice crystal in the freezing process, which was a benefit for forming a stable gluten network. The texture characteristics (hardness, chewiness, and tensile strength) were at the best level and the surface tackiness exhibited the lowest level. Besides, the low moisture area in the recooked FCNs increased with the ascent of noodle thickness and the hardness of thick FCNs was high for forming reliable spatial support. The texture characteristics of recooked FCNs (thickness 2 mm) were better. Combined with the sensory evaluation, when the water addition was 34% and the thickness was 2 mm, the surface tackiness of recooked FCNs was lower, and the FCNs had a good quality and taste. Practical applications In this study, the effects of water addition and noodle thickness on the surface tackiness of frozen cooked noodles (FCNs) were investigated. When the water addition (34%) and noodle thickness (2 mm) were at the appropriate level, the surface tackiness of recooked FCNs was low, and the FCNs had a good taste and appearance. The texture properties and sensory evaluation of the FCNs were the best. The study provides a reference for processing the FCNs with low surface tackiness in the fast‐food industry. At present, the FCNs made according to this research results are widely used in the Chinese mainland market. The water addition of FCNs is 34%~36%, and the shape of FCNs is basically 20 cm length, 3 mm width, and 2 mm thickness.

The volatile compounds of Jiaozi-steamed breads (JSBs) fermented by Jiaozi starters from eight regions in China were extracted using simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) and headspace solid-phase microextraction and determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 1-Hexanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenylethyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, naphthalene, ethanol, acetic acid, and n-hexadecanoic acid were the main volatiles of JSBs. Principal component analysis exhibited that the volatiles of JSBs from Nanyang City, Xi'an City, and Zhumadian City was negatively correlated to that of other five JSB samples. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the volatile characteristics of JSBs from Heze City, Minqin County, Taian City, Weinan City, and Yuncheng City belonged to a category, and the JSBs of Nanyang City, Xi'an City, and Zhumadian City were different from other five JSBs. It demonstrated that the volatile components of steamed breads in North China and South China were different. Practical applications From this study, it can be seen that simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) can completely extract volatile compositions of steamed breads fermented by Chinese traditional starter "Jiaozi." SDE/GC-MS was suitable for the analysis of JSBs volatile composition. The relative contents of 1-hexanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenylethyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, naphthalene, ethanol, acetic acid, and n-hexadecanoic acid in JSBs were at high level, and their contents could be used as a marker to identify JSBs. The volatile compositions of JSBs made of Jiaozi starters from Heze City, Minqin County, Taian City, Weinan City, and Yuncheng City were similar. However, JSBs of Nanyang City, Xi'an City, and Zhumadian City were different from other five JSBs.