On-chip
refractive index sensing plays an important role in many
fields, ranging from chemical, biomedical, and medical to environmental
applications. Recently, optomechanical cavities have emerged as promising
tools for precision sensing. In view of the sensors based on optomechanical
cavities, the Q factor of mechanical modes is a key
parameter for achieving high sensitivity and resolution. Here we demonstrated
an integrated optomechanical cavity based on a silicon nanobeam structure.
Our cavity supports a fundamental mechanical mode with a frequency
of 4.36 GHz and a record-high mechanical Q of 18300
in the ambient environment, facilitated by the radiation-pressure
antidamping. The distinctive nature of the optomechanical spring sensing
approach combined with our high mechanical Q silicon
cavity allows for a sensing resolution of δλ/λ0 ∼ 10–7, which is at least 1 order
of magnitude higher than that of conventional silicon-based approaches
and paves the way for on-chip sensors with unprecedented sensitivity.
Micro-and nanomechanical resonators have emerged as promising platforms for sensing a broad range of physical properties such as mass, force, torque, magnetic field, and acceleration.The sensing performance relies critically on the motional mass, the mechanical frequency, and the linewidth of the mechanical resonator. Here, we demonstrate a hetero optomechanical crystal (OMC) cavity based on a silicon nanobeam structure. The cavity supports phonon lasing in a fundamental mechanical mode with a frequency of 5.91 GHz, an effective mass of 116 fg, and a mechanical linewidth narrowing from 3.3 MHz to 5.2 kHz, while the optomechanical coupling rate of is as high as 1.9 MHz. With this phonon laser, the on-chip sensing with a resolution of δλ/λ = 1.0×10-8 can be attained, which is at least two orders of magnitude larger than that obtained with conventional silicon-based sensors. The use of a silicon-based hetero OMC cavity that harnesses phonon lasing could pave the way towards exciting, high-precision sensors that lend themselves to silicon monolithic integration and offer unprecedented sensitivity for broad physical sensing applications.
Top management of a multidivisional firm needs to strike a balance between providing transfer pricing autonomy to divisional managers and retaining some level of control to prevent dysfunctional behavior. Little empirical evidence exists on how top management makes this trade-off. Drawing on agency theory, we predict that transfer pricing autonomy is influenced by intermediate product standardization, foreign investment, tax rate difference, and the weight on firm-level performance measures in the divisional manager's performance evaluation. We also predict that the extent of mismatch between transfer pricing autonomy and organizational characteristics leads to lower perceived fairness and perceived transfer pricing effectiveness by divisional managers. Using data collected from a cross-sectional survey of 210 divisional managers, we find results consistent with our predictions.
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