BackgroundTo determine whether gender-based differences may be present in letters of recommendation written for ophthalmology residency applicants.MethodsAll applications submitted through SF Match to the UCLA Stein Eye Institute Residency Training Program from the 2017–2018 application cycle were analyzed using validated text analysis software (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (Austin, TX)). The main outcome measures were differences in language use in letters of recommendation by gender of applicant.ResultsOf 440 applicants, 254 (58%) were male and 186 (42%) were female. The two gender groups had similar United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1 scores, undergraduate grade point averages (uGPA’s), proportions of underrepresented minority (URM) applicants and Gold Humanism Honor Society members, numbers of academic and service activities listed, and gender distributions of their letter writers (all P values > 0.05). However, letters written for male applicants were determined to use more “authentic” words than those written for female applicants (mean difference, 0.800; 95% CI, 0.001–1.590; P = 0.047). Letters written for male applicants also contained more “leisure” words (mean difference, 0.056; 95% CI, 0.008–0.104; P = 0.023) and fewer “feel” words (mean difference, 0.033; 95% CI, 0.001–0.065; P = 0.041) and “biological processes” words (mean difference, 0.157; 95% CI, 0.017–0.297; P = 0.028).ConclusionsThere were gender differences detected in recommendation letters in ophthalmology consistent with prior studies from other fields. Awareness of these differences may improve residency selection processes.

Infrared and microwave study of angular-radial coupling effects in Ar-HCN J. Chem. Phys. 91, 3319 (1989); 10.1063/1.456907Fluorescence and dissociative energy transfer in high pressure Ar-HCN mixtures excited by relativistic electrons

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This paper aims to introduce readers with backgrounds in classical molecular dynamics to some ideas in geometric mechanics that may be useful. This is done through some simple but specific examples: (i) the separation of the rotational and internal energies in an arbitrarily floppy N-body system and (ii) the reduction of the phase space accompanying the change from the laboratory coordinate system to the center of mass coordinate system relevant to molecular collision dynamics. For the case of two-body molecular systems constrained to a plane, symplectic reduction is employed to demonstrate explicitly the separation of translational, rotational, and internal energies and the corresponding reductions of the phase space describing the dynamics for Hamiltonian systems with symmetry. Further, by examining the topology of the energy-momentum map, a unified treatment is presented of the reduction results for the description of (i) the classical dynamics of rotating and vibrating diatomic molecules, which correspond to bound trajectories and (ii) the classical dynamics of atom-atom collisions, which correspond to scattering trajectories. This provides a framework for the treatment of the dynamics of larger N-body systems, including the dynamics of larger rotating and vibrating polyatomic molecular systems and the dynamics of molecule-molecule collisions.

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