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Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside widely available for dietary intake in citrus fruits or citrus fruit derived products; however, exhaustive and reliable data are scarcely available for biological activity when it exerts protective health effects in humans. The principal intent of this work is to check binding domain and structural changes of human serum albumin (HSA), the primary carrier of flavonoids, in blood plasma association with hesperidin by employing molecular modeling, steady state and time-resolved fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) methods. From molecular modeling simulations, subdomains IIA and IIIA, which correspond to Sudlow's sites I and II, respectively, were earmarked to possess affinity for hesperidin, but the affinity of site I with flavanone is greater than that of site II. This corroborates the site-specific probe and hydrophobic 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) displacement results placing the hesperidin at warfarin-azapropazone and indole-benzodiazepine sites. Steady state and time-resolved fluorescence manifested that static type, due to HSA-hesperidin complex formation (1.941 × 10(4) M(-1)), is the operative mechanism for the diminution in the tryptophan (Trp)-214 fluorescence. Moreover, via alterations in three-dimensional fluorescence and CD spectral properties, we can securely draw the conclusion that the polypeptide chain of HSA is partially destabilized after conjugation with hesperidin. We anticipate that this study can provide better knowledge of bioavailability such as absorption, biodistribution, and elimination, of hesperidin in vivo, to facilitate the comprehension of the biological responses to physiologically relevant flavanones.

Azo compounds are the largest chemical class of agents frequently used as colorants in a variety of consumer goods and farm produce; therefore, they may become a hazard to public health, because numerous azo compounds and their metabolites are proven to be carcinogens and mutagens. Herein several qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques, including steady state and time-resolved fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), computer-aided molecular docking as well as molecular dynamics simulation, were employed to ascertain the molecular recognition between the principal vehicle of ligands in human plasma, albumin and a model azo compound, flavazin. The results show that the albumin spatial structure was changed in the presence of flavazin with a decrease of α-helix suggesting partial protein destabilization/self-regulation, as derived from steady state fluorescence, far-UV CD and detailed analyses of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. Time-resolved fluorescence further evinced that the recognition mechanism is related to albumin-flavazin adduct formation with an association intensity of 10(4) M(-1), and the driving forces were found to be chiefly π-π interactions, hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The specific binding domain of flavazin in protein was defined from molecular docking; subdomain IIA (Sudlow's site I) was found to retain high affinity for the ligand flavazin. This finding corroborates the results of competitive ligand displacement experiments, a hydrophobic 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid probe study and protein denaturation results, placing flavazin at the warfarin-azapropazone site. Based on molecular dynamics simulation, it can be said with certainty that the results of molecular docking are credible, and the key amino acid residues participating in the molecular recognition of flavazin by protein are clearly Trp-214, Arg-222 and Lys-436. The outcomes presented here will help to further comprehend the molecular recognition of azo compounds by protein and the possible toxicological profiles of other compounds that have configurations analogous to azo chemicals.

The interaction of a N-methylated diaminotriphenylmethane dye, malachite green, with lysozyme was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopic techniques under physiological conditions. The binding parameters have been evaluated by fluorescence quenching methods. The results revealed that malachite green caused the fluorescence quenching of lysozyme through a static quenching procedure. The thermodynamic parameters like DeltaH and DeltaS were calculated to be -15.33 kJ mol(-1) and 19.47 J mol(-1) K(-1) according to van't Hoff equation, respectively, which proves main interaction between malachite green and lysozyme is hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bond contact. The distance r between donor (lysozyme) and acceptor (malachite green) was obtained to be 3.82 nm according to Frster's theory. The results of synchronous fluorescence, UV/vis and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra showed that binding of malachite green with lysozyme can induce conformational changes in lysozyme. In addition, the effects of common ions on the constants of lysozyme-malachite green complex were also discussed.