The purpose of our work is to describe the actual knowledge concerning etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, complications and therapy of ocular sarcoidosis (OS). The study is based on a recent literature review and on the experience of our tertiary referral center. Data were retrospectively analyzed from the electronic medical records of 235 patients (461 eyes) suffering from a biopsy-proven ocular sarcoidosis. Middle-aged females presenting bilateral ocular involvement are mainly affected; eye involvement at onset is present in one-third of subjects. Uveitis subtype presentation ranges widely among different studies: panuveitis and multiple chorioretinal granulomas, retinal segmental vasculitis, intermediate uveitis and vitreitis, anterior uveitis with granulomatous mutton-fat keratic precipitates, iris nodules, and synechiae are the main ocular features. The most important complications are cataract, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema (CME), and epiretinal membrane. Therapy is based on the disease localization and the severity of systemic or ocular involvement. Local, intravitreal, or systemic steroids are the mainstay of treatment; refractory or partially responsive disease has to be treated with conventional and biologic immunosuppressants. In conclusion, we summarize the current knowledge and assessment of ophthalmological inflammatory manifestations (mainly uveitis) of OS, which permit an early diagnostic assay and a prompt treatment.

Introduction: To investigate the relationship between the choroidal circulation and glaucoma, assessing macular choroidal thickness (MCT) as a predictive value of glaucomatous visual field damage. Methods: Twenty primary open-angle glaucoma patients were recruited. Patients underwent two SS-OCTs scans: one with DRI OCT (Topcon) and the other with PLEX Elite 9000 (Zeiss). Standard OCT parameters were acquired by DRI OCT, while MCT was manually measured in 5 points on Plex ELITE 9000 images. The relationship among MCT, standard OCT parameters and visual field indices were evaluated. Pearson’s r correlation was calculated to evaluate these relationships. Reproducibility of measurements was analyzed. Results: MCT measurements showed a good intra- and inter-observer repeatability. A negative correlation appeared between MCT and body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.518, p=0.023). Mean deviation showed a statistically significant correlation with MCT measured at sub-foveal and at 1000 µm nasally (r = 0.50, p=0.03 and r = 0.52, p=0.023). A correlation was found between the two MCT (Zeiss vs Topcon) measurements and between MCT and peripapillary choroidal thickness (r = 0.944 and r = 0.740, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions: A good intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was found. MCT showed a weak predictive value of glaucomatous visual field damage. A significant correlation was found between MCT and BMI.

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Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare genetic condition characterized by congenital malformation of the mid-hindbrain, cerebellar ataxia, hypotonia, oculomotor apraxia, hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis resulting in breathing defects, ataxia, and delayed development. Ophthalmological examination reveals eye involvement with nystagmus and retinal defects. Genetic counseling is important for the prevention of new cases. Great advances have been made in recent years. Management is symptomatic and multidisciplinary. In the present review, we discussed the most frequent ophthalmological anomalies associated with JS and speculated on the role of ciliary physiology in eye development.