The genetic variability of four predominantly Indian populations of southern Chile's archipelagos was examined by determining the frequencies of four mitochondrial DNA haplogroups that characterize the American Indian populations. Over 90% of the individuals analyzed presented Native American mtDNA haplogroups. By means of an unweighted group pair method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram, a principal component analysis (PCA) derived from a distance matrix of mtDNA, and the exact test of population differentiation, we are able to prove the existence of a North-South cline. The populations in the northern part of the archipelagos are genetically similar to the Huilliche tribe, while the groups from the South are most closely related to the Fueguino tribe from the extreme South of Chile, and secondarily to the Pehuenche and Mapuche, who are found to the North and East of Chiloé archipelago. These results are consistent with a colonization of the southern archipelagos from Tierra del Fuego. We evaluate the evolutionary relationships of the population of the Chiloé area to groups from other geographic areas of Chile, using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Three Amerindian clusters are identified: one formed by the Aymará and Atacameño, a second by the Huilliche, and a third including the Mapuche, Pehuenche, and Fueguino tribes, and the population inhabiting the South of the Chiloé arcipelago. These groups exhibit a North-South gradient in the frequency of haplogroup B, confirmed by F(ST) tests.
Las hipótesis sobre el origen de las poblaciones que construyeron Tiwanaku basadas en información lingüística y etnohistórica son contrastadas haciendo uso de ADN mitocondrial antiguo, aislado de restos esqueletales. Se analizaron 18 muestras de las cuales 13 rindieron amplificados para los marcadores amerindios. La distribución de haplogrupos (A: 8%, B: 15%, C: 23%, D: 23% y otros 31%) relaciona genéticamente a la población estudiada con grupos amazónicos y quechuas actuales. El número de muestras analizadas no permite aún una subdivisión por fases cronológicas con el objeto de precisar más el origen de las poblaciones Tiwanaku. No obstante, la distribución de haplogrupos es significativamente diferente de aquella que caracteriza a los grupos aymara. Palabras claves: Origen amazónico de las poblaciones Tiwanaku, restos esqueletales, ADNmt antiguo. The origin of Tiwanaku populations hypothesized on the basis of linguistic and ethnohistorical information is tested using ancient mtDNA extracted from skeletal remains. 18 samples were analyzed of which 13 could be typed for amerindian haplogroups whose distribution (A: 8%, B: 15%, C: 23%, D: 23% y otros 31%) relates genetically the remains from Tiwanaku to extant amazonian and quechua populations. The number of analyzed samples is still to small to allow a subdivision by chronological phases in order to establish more precisely the origin of the Tiwanaku population. Nevertheless, the haplogroup distribution is significantly different from the distribution that characterizes the aymara.
Las etnias originarias del archipiélago de Chiloé presentan características culturales que plantean preguntas acerca de su origen como entidad genética independiente y distinta del grupo continental. Al respecto, hemos caracterizado las frecuencias de los cuatro haplogrupos amerindios fundadores del ADN mitocondrial en cuatro poblaciones del archipiélago. El componente aborigen materno de estas poblaciones fue superior al 90 %. El análisis de distancias genéticas sugiere una segregación norte-sur en donde las poblaciones septentrionales aparecen más relacionadas con la etnia continental Huilliche. Aun cuando el análisis de diferenciación interpoblacional y de componentes principales muestran una singularidad en el grupo insular, esta puede ser interpretada a partir de datos genéticos, etnohistóricos y arqueológicos.
Background The incidence of non-AIDS defining cancer (NADC) is higher in people living with HIV (PLWH) than in the general population, and it is already one of the leading causes of death in the HIV-infected population. It is estimated that the situation will be aggravated by the progressive aging of PLWH. Early diagnosis through intensive cancer screening may improve the ability for therapeutic interventions and could be critical in reducing mortality, but it might also increase expenditure and harms associated with adverse events. The aim of this study is to evaluate an enhanced screening program for early diagnosis of cancer in PLWH compared to standard practice. The specific objectives are (1) to compare the frequency of cancer diagnosed at an early stage, (2) to analyze safety of the enhanced program: adverse events and unnecessary interventions, (3) to analyze the cost-utility of the program, and (4) to estimate the overall and site-specific incidence of NADC in PLWH. Methods We will conduct a multicenter, non-blinded, randomized, controlled trial, comparing two parallel arms: conventional vs enhanced screening. Data will be recorded in an electronic data collection notebook. Conventional intervention group will follow the standard of care screening in the participating centers, according to the European AIDS Clinical Society recommendations, and the enhanced intervention group will follow an expanded screening aimed to early detection of lung, liver, anal, cervical, breast, prostate, colorectal, and skin cancer. The trial will be conducted within the framework of the Spanish AIDS Research Network Cohort (CoRIS). Discussion The trial will evaluate the efficacy, safety, and efficiency of an enhanced screening program for the early diagnosis of cancer in HIV patients compared to standard of care practice. The information provided will be relevant since there are currently no studies on expanded cancer screening strategies in patients with HIV, and available data estimating cost effectiveness or cost-utility of such as programs are scarce. An enhanced program for NADC screening in patients with HIV could lead to early diagnosis and improve the prognosis of these patients, with an acceptable rate of unnecessary interventions, but it is critical to demonstrate that the benefits clearly outweigh the harms, before the strategy could be implemented. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04735445. Registered on 25 June 2019
A list of morphological characters to separate Iberoformica and Formica (Serviformica) (F. fusca species group) is provided. Sexual forms of Formica gerardi Bondroit are described based on Iberian material and reinstated into the subgenus Serviformica based on genetic data and morphological characters. The status of †F.horrida Wheeler, 1915 is assessed.
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