Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD) [1]. Endothelial dysfunction is a marker of cardiovascular risk [2]; a validated and standardised method to assess endothelial function is flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [3]. Previous studies have shown impaired endothelial function in COPD patients compared to that in healthy subjects [4, 5], with intermediate function between CAD patients and healthy subjects [6]. Endothelial function is positively associated with physical activity and is improved by exercise training in sedentary elderly subjects and cardiac patients [7]. Regarding COPD, this relationship has been reported in retrospective studies, but has not been confirmed in prospective studies [8, 9]. The objective of the present study was to determine whether an 8-week supervised walking-based training programme can improve endothelial function in COPD. 20 COPD (14 males and six females) with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1) ⩾30% and ⩽80% predicted [10] who were in a stable clinical condition for ⩾6 weeks were consecutively recruited from the Respiratory Disease Outpatient Clinic, Ferrara University Hospital (Italy). Exclusion criteria were: 1) major cardiovascular diseases (i.e. CAD, uncontrolled hypertension, arrhythmias or heart failure); 2) orthopaedic and neuromuscular exercise limitations; and 3) current structured exercise performance. The Ethics Committee of Ferrara University approved the study (number 140794). Each subject gave informed consent. At baseline (t 0), all patients underwent spirometry and a 6-min walk test (6MWT) [11]. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was calculated and a blood analysis (⩽3 months) was collected. On a separate day, blood pressure was measured in triplicate after 20 min of rest and the FMD test was subsequently performed on the opposite arm. Daily physical activity was monitored for 7 days with the activity and metabolic Holter SenseWear Armband (BodyMedia, Pittsburgh, PA, USA). An 8-week supervised walking-based training programme was described, and the subjects were randomised into two groups: exercise and control. Neither group changed medication; the control group maintained their lifestyle habits, checked with a questionnaire [12]. The exercise group performed a maximal incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test on a cycle ergometer (10-15 W•min −1) to determine the exercise capacity. After 8 weeks (t 1), the subjects repeated all the tests. @ERSpublications Supervised exercise training is key to health improvement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients https://bit.ly/2AdfKvb Cite this article as: Merlo C, Bernardi E, Bellotti F, et al. Supervised exercise training improves endothelial function in COPD patients: a method to reduce cardiovascular risk?

COPD is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) mortality. An early manifestation in the pathogenesis of CV diseases is the endothelial dysfunction; the gold standard for its measurement is the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). It is known that an active lifestyle has a favorable effect on FMD also in COPD (retrospective studies), however no prospective study has evaluated the effect of an exercise training program (ET) on FMD. Aim: to evaluate the impact of a supervised endurance ET on FMD in COPD. Methods: 11 COPD patients (4F/7M) were recruited. Patients who agreed to participate at ET were assigned to the training group (Ex, n=6) and the others to the control group (C, n=5). The Ex exercised on a treadmill 50 min, twice a week for 8 weeks. At the beginning (T0) patients performed spirometry, 6MWD, measurement of physical activity (SenseWear Armband) and FMD. At the end of the program (T1) FMD and spirometry were repeated. Furthermore, Ex performed an incremental cycling test at T0 and T1 to assess VO 2max. Results: No differences in age (Ex:66±10, C:69±8yr), BMI (Ex:30±3, C:28±4kg/m 2), pulmonary function [FEV 1 (%) Ex:54±14, C:60±16] and 6MWD (Ex:356±90, C:406±49m) were found between the groups at T0; C were a little more active than Ex (1.3±0.2 vs 1.1±0.1 METs respectively;p=0.03). No difference was found in FMD at T0 after adjustment for physical activity (Ex:4.2±0.54, C:4.05±0.62%). FMD improved significantly in the Ex (+2.74±1.33%, p=0.004) but not in the C (-0.09±0.21, p>0.05); t test between groups p=0.0001. Conclusion: These preliminary data show that after 8 weeks of ET a significant improvement in FMD was found in trained COPD and can be considered another positive effect of pulmonary rehabilitation

Key summary points Aim Focus of prognostic factors in elderly covid19 patients admitted in long term unit. Findings Nasal swab test at discharge, infection, age and frailty represented risk factors associated with increased mortality. Message Absence of negativization of nasal swab test is the major risk factor for mortality.

Key summary points Aim To comparatively assess the clinical profiles of older patients treated with trazodone or other antidepressants in a large dataset from the GeroCovid Observational multiscope and multisetting study. Findings 10.8% out of 3396 persons included used trazodone and the 8.5% other antidepressants; the use of trazodone was highly prevalent in functionally dependent and comorbid older adults admitted to long-term care facilities or living at home. Conditions associated with trazodone use included depression, dementia and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Message The present data suggest an off-label use of trazodone as a possible therapeutic option in the challenging field of behavioral and psychological disturbances in older adults with dementia.