This volume has documented what is described in the Introduction as the ""glocal" turn in climate governance". The complexity of climate change is not limited to the scientific conundrum of what actions are needed to avoid tipping points and maintain increases in average global temperatures below 2°C, or preferably 1.5°C, but also, as evidenced in this volume, to the intricacy of its governance. Climate change is regulated at different levels of government, from the international to the local, and, most fundamentally, is not a unitary subject matter. Mitigation and adaptation macro-goals need to be realized in the context of traditional policies, which in some key sectors, such as transport, energy and water, and spatial planning, are heavily influenced by subnational policy-making. Hence, the importance of the subnational level.Notwithstanding the formal division of powers described in Chapters 2 and 3, this volume has demonstrated that classical debates on the division of competences between the national and subnational levels are not conclusive when it comes to explaining how climate policy integration (cpi) is realized at subnational level. Climate policy measures have so high a degree of policy complexity, with one single issue touching upon different powers, that the question of which policy level is competent to address climate change not only has to be determined on a case-by-case basis but also has no explanatory powers when it comes to understanding how cpi unfolds. cpi needs to be studied at the micro-level with attention to the formal and informal dynamics that underpin policy-making in climate-related matters. Hence the need to examine how cpi is realized in the study areas that we selected due to both their geographical and institutional characteristics, i.e. the Autonomous Provinces of Trento and Bolzano in Italy, and the Länder Tyrol and Vorarlberg in Austria.1
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