Uitgebreide samenvatting 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Sampling method and sample analysis 2.1.1 Studied collection and recycling chains 2.1.2 Municipality list 2.1.3 Gross response data 2.1.4 Selection of municipal samples 2.1.5 Sampling 2.1.6 Manual sorting of the samples 2.2 Establishing material flow schemes 2.2.1 General data 2.2.2 Basic calculations within the material flow schemes prior to sorting 2.2.3 Calculations in material flow scheme related to the sorting process for PMD, PD and mono-P 2.2.4 Calculations related to the recovery recycling chain 2.2.5 Final parameters to express the performance of the collection and recycling chains 2.3 Quality of the paper fibres contained with Dutch beverage carton 2.4 Error calculations 2.4.1 Error analysis of the net material collection yields 2.4.2 Error analysis of the sorting division 2.4.3 Error analysis of the net material chain yield 2.4.4 Error analysis for the net material yield of the recovery chain 3 Results 3.1 Division of municipalities over the collection systems and potentials 3.2 Collection responses 3.3 Composition 3.3.1 Attached moisture and dirt of the beverage cartons 3.3.2 Attached moisture and dirt of the co-collected materials 3.3.3 Presence of beverage carton look-a-likes 3.3.4 Presence of agglomerates and their composition 3.3.5 Residual waste in the collected material 3.4 Sorting of beverage carton containing materials 3.4.1 Composition of sorted beverage cartons 3.4.2 Concentrations of beverage cartons in other sorted products 3.5 Mass flow schemes and net chain yields
Expectations are that 80 percent of the global population will reside in urban areas by the year 2050. As urbanisation levels increase so do ecological footprint sizes in these areas, as it is in the cities that income levels are higher, and where higher levels of disposable incomes exist. Whereas the circular economy is gaining ground as a concept for increasing sustainability by the efficient use of available materials and resources, urban areas are often recognised as attractive starting points for making the transition towards a circular economy. The paper "Circular food chains and cascading of biomass in metropolitan regions" contains the description of a vision on how biorefinery concepts in current and future metropoles may contribute to the increased efficiency in the use of resources for biomass production. As such this vision forms the interpretation of the principles of the circular economy within the context of biomass value chains and within the geographic boundaries of a metropolitan region. This is also referred to as the circular metropolitan system. With this paper researchers from Wageningen Food & Biobased Research intend to contribute to a scientific basis for increasing resource use efficiency in metropolitan regions through developing appropriate and sustainable biorefinery concepts.
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