Abstract. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) technology has evolved dramatically in the 21 st century. It is used by both military and general public for recreational purposes and mapping
Malaysia has a long coastline stretching over 4,809 km where more than 1,300 km of beaches are experiencing erosion. Coastal erosion is recognised as the permanent loss of land and habitats along the shoreline resulting in the changes of the coast. Thus, it is important to detect and monitor shoreline changes especially in Pahang coast by identifying the rate of shoreline erosion and accretion. This study used temporal data and high spatial resolution imagery (SPOT 5) using remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor shoreline changes along 10 study locations, which is from Cherating to Pekan of the Pahang coast. The total length of shoreline changes is about 14 km (14035.10 m) where all these areas are very likely to experience erosion ranging from 0.1 to 94.7 ha. On the other hand, these coastal areas found a minimal accretion with increased sediment from 0.1 to 2.8 ha. Overall, the coastal areas are exposed to higher erosion process than accretion with a very high vulnerability of erosion rate from 1.8 to 20.9 meter per year. The findings on monitoring shoreline changes and identifying vulnerable erosion areas might be useful in the policy and decision making for sustainable coastal management.
The erosion in Malaysia has brought attention to many authorities especially the coastline in the eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Although the erosion in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia does not receive as much attention as the eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia, however, the issue should not be neglected. High spatial resolution satellite imageries were used for the extraction of coastline and classification level of erosion rate along with the Pulau Tuba. The coastline data was extracted using two different methods known as Maximum Likelihood (ML) and On-Screen Digitizing (OSD) in the determination of the best approach of coastline detection from the Sentinel-2 data of the year 2016 and 2019. Furthermore, the level of erosion is made based on the physical and economic parameters outlined by the National Coastal Erosion Study 2015 (NCES). Due to some inevitable constraints of Movement Control Order by the Malaysian government due to the COVID-19 pandemic, physical observation data of Pulau Tuba were collected via Google Maps. The information acquired includes type of coastal geomorphology, land use, development on the area, activities conducted, and adaptation of erosion if any. These data were utilized to determine the erosion rate and categories using the proposed model by NCES for five divided management units (MU) of the Pulau Tuba areas utilizing Erdas Imagine and ArcGIS software. The analysis found that the ML approach has under-detected the coastline length between 3.19% to 45.0% as compared to OSD for both years of 2016 and 2019. Rate of erosion for Pulau Tuba based on the NCES approach found that the highest erosion rate occurred at the MU1 (Pulau Dayang Bunting- Pulau Tuba causeway) with 2.91% and classified as K1 (critical erosion category) with a value of 4.39 m/yr−1 and the highest accretion rate at the MU3 with 3.06%. The critical erosion category was associated with the MU that has significant development and on-going activities that occurred in the area especially in MU 4 (Pulau Tuba) and MU 5 (Teluk Berembang). Other than that, the high number of erosions occurred in that section is due to the exposure of waves, wind, currents, and tides.
Malaysia has a long coastline stretching over 4,809 km where more than 1,300 km of beaches are experiencing erosion. Coastal erosion is defined as the permanent loss of land and habitats along the coastline resulting in changes to the coast. Thus, it is important to detect and monitor coastline changes especially in Pahang, Malaysia. This study used temporal data and high spatial resolution imagery of SPOT 5. It also explored remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor coastline changes along 10 identified locations, from Cherating to Pekan of the Pahang coast. Ten significant coastline locations namely Pantai Cherating, Pantai Air Balok, Sungai Ular, Pantai Batu Hitam, Pantai Beserah, Swiss Garden Kuantan, Taman Gelora, Pantai Sepat, Pantai Cherok Palok, and Pantai Tanjung Agas were identified to be vulnerable to coastline erosion. Two temporal remote sensed date of SPOT 5 for the year of 2006 and 2014 were used to quantify erosion or accretion rate using National Coastal Erosion Study (NCES) guidelines. The research found that eight area out of 196 or 39.7% locations were eroded and categorized into acceptable erosion category (K3), while 64 area or 32.7 % had significant erosion category (K2) where the coastline retreated more than one meter per year and the most critical eroded area was K1 at 54 or 27.6% sites. Cherating, Swiss Garden Resort, and Cherok Paloh were among the sites with the highest erosion rate between −5.692 and −6.919 m/yr. Meanwhile, the highest rate of accretion or sedimentation was indicated in Tanjung Agas at 7.391 m/yr. A qualitative relationship between the erosion rate and slope percentage for the entire Kuantan coast that stretch from Pantai Cherating to Tanjung Agas, Pekan indicated that the coastal slope percentage, the beach width, and the beach material that deposited on the sites were interrelated and had significant impacts on the erosion rate on several particular zones of the Kuantan coastlines. The findings from monitoring coastline changes and identifying vulnerable erosion areas might be useful in the policy and decision making for sustainable coastal management.
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