This investigation was made to examine the role of gibberellic acid (GA(3)), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and EDTA in improving phytoextraction of the Pb and plant growth on Pb added soil. GA(3), IAA and EDTA were applied separately and in combinations. GA(3) and IAA were applied as foliar spray and seed soaking. EDTA was applied in single and split doses. Analysis of the Pb in different parts of plant was carried out using atomic absorption/flame spectrophotometer. EDTA significantly reduced the plant growth and dry biomass, whereas GA(3) and IAA foliar spray increased it significantly when compared with control (only Pb added soil). In combined treatments of EDTA+GA(3) and EDTA+IAA, the growth and biomass was restored, which shows that GA(3) and IAA did compensate the negative effect of EDTA on plant growth. The separate treatments of EDTA, GA(3) and IAA increased the Pb uptake and translocation significantly moreover in combine treatments, synergistic effect was found and remarkable increase in Pb uptake and translocation into shoot was observed. EDTA increased the Pb uptake but declined the biomass; subsequently the total Pb accumulation was decreased in plant. The maximum total Pb was found in combined treatment of EDTA+GA(3). These findings suggest more investigation to find a combination of GA(3) with a very low concentration of EDTA, as in high concentration it causes soil and ground water pollution.
The comparative effect of fertilizers (NPK), plant growth regulators (GA3, IAA, Zeatin) and sodium chloride (NaCl) on Cd phytoaccumulation, proline and phenolics production in Cannabis sativa was evaluated. Proline and phenolices were correlated with Cd contents in plant. Cd significantly reduced the plant growth. Fertilizers application (in combination) most significantly increased the growth (19 cm root and 47 cm shoot) on Cd contaminated soil. All treatments increased the Cd contents in plant tissues. This increase was highly significant in fertilizers treated plants (1101, 121 and 544 ppm in roots, stem and leaves respectively). Significantly positive correlation was found between Cd concentration and dry biomass of root (R2=0.7511) and leaves (R2=0.5524). All treatments significantly increased the proline and total phenolics and maximum was recorded in NaCl treated plants followed by fertilizers. Proline was higher in roots while phenolics in leaves. The correlation between proline and phenolics was positive in leaf (R2=0.8439) and root (R2=0.5191). Proline and phenolics showed positive correlation with Cd concentration in plant. Conclusively, fertilizers in combination seem to be the better option for Cd phytoextraction. Further investigation is suggested to study the role of phenolics and proline in Cd phytoextraction.
An efficient method of regeneration for antidiabetic plant (Stevia rebaudiana) has been established for healthy biomass and main steviol glycosides (SGs) production, using different PGRs and agar concentrations. Higher callus induction (93.3%) was recorded when leaf explants were placed on an MS medium supplemented with 3.5 gL À1 agar and 2.0 mgL À1 2,4-D. The addition of 7.0 gL À1 agar and BA (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mgL À1 ) significantly (P < 0.01) influences shooting response (100%). A maximum mean shoot length (13.03 cm) and 28 shoots per explant were observed on a medium containing 1.0 mgL À1 BA. However, the maximum number of leaves (132.67) was encouraged by the addition of BA (1.0 mgL À1 ) and Kin (1.0 mgL À1 ). Lower agar (3.5 gL À1 ), IAA (2.0 mgL À1 ), and NAA (2.0 mgL À1 ) concentrations significantly influence the rooting percent (100%), the mean root length (2.9 cm), and the number of roots per plantlet (26.3). These plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the soil. The BA (3.0 mgL À1 ) in combination with Kin (3.0 mgL À1 ) and 3.5 gL À1 agar increases dulcoside-A content (Dul-A; 71.8 mg/g-DW) in shoots compared to control (50.81 mg/g-DW). Similar PGRs with 7.0 gL À1 significantly increases the production of steviosides (Stev. 82.48 mg/g-DW). A higher rebaudioside-A content (Reb-A; 12.35 mg/g-DW) was observed in shoots that underwent the addition of BA (1.0 mgL À1 ) and 7.0 gL À1 agar than in control (07.39 mg/g-DW).Hereby, we developed an efficient and cost-effective method for regeneration and major SGs production, which could be helpful for future studies on this species.
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