Abstract--Microalbuminuria is persistent albumin excretion between 30 and 300 mg/day, in patients with diabetes it is usually indicative of diabetic nephropathy which is most common cause of end stage renal disease, it is also associated with cardiovascular disease. Early detection of microalbuminuria and early control of diabetes retards the development of structural changes in early diabetic nephropathy. The main objective was to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria on urine samples of Sudanese type 2 diabetic patients (non-insulin-dependent) which is expressed by Albumin creatinine ratio (ACR). Across-sectional hospital based study was carried out in Elmusbah Medical Center, from November 2008 to March 2009, fifty eight of type 2 diabetic patients studied included 29 females (aged 35 -80 years) and 29 males (aged 43 -88 years). Urinary albumin concentration was measured by immunoturbodimetric assay. Microalbuminuria was diagnosed in 26 (44%) patients. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 8.66% from total populations at risk (N=300). The risk factors associated with microalbuminuria were found to be age, duration of diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

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Background: Chromium (Cr) and Zinc (zn) are very important in human nutrition. Many researchers reported that serum chromium and serum zinc are impaired in patients with chronic renal failure,(CRF). Objectives: This study aimed to assess chromium and Zinc in chronic renal failure patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at Khartoum state during November 2017 to May 2018.The study enrolled 35 patients with CRF and 40 healthy controls. Serum Chromium and Zinc levels were estimated using Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, (AAS), technique. Results: the current study demonstrated a highly significant a lower level of Cr in patients in contrast to healthy controls, (0.032 versus 0.147 mg/dl; respectively, P<0.001), and also of Zn level in patients as compared to healthy controls (0.165 versus 0.564 mg/dl; respectively, P<0.001). In contrary, the level of both Cr and Zn were significantly higher after dialysis as compared to their levels, before dialysis (0.137 versus 0.032 mg/dl; respectively, P<0.001) and (0.253 versus 0.165 mg/dl; respectively, P<0.001) for Cr and Zn, respectively. Conclusion: The present study revealed that, Zn and Cr levels decreased in CRF patients and increased after dialysis.